Ford Motor Company An American Automotive Company

Ford motor Company is an American Automotive company that manufactures and sells top of the line auto motives worldwide. Ford is known for the Ford F-series pickup trucks, which is â€Å"America’s top-selling vehicle (pg.721). Their product and services are trucks, cars, SUV’s, commercial vehicles and Lincoln braded luxury vehicles. The company’s headquarter is located in, Dearborn, Michigan and was founded by Henry Ford in 1903. Ford is the second in producing automobiles in United States and the fifths largest producer in the world. The goal for Ford customers is in building a strong relationship with potential customers though out experience. Ford put themselves in a pickle, and they their sales and profits and overall production and†¦show more content†¦So he underwent a plan and where Ford would be successful and profitable. Ford motor company distributes and manufactures into different segments around the world like, North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Africa. The main issue in this case was expanding overseas and reshape the financial problems. I think to me the most interesting thing about this case study was how Ford introduced and outsider with no automotive industry experience. To me this is outstanding and a risky move, but I’ve heard the â€Å"higher the risk the higher the outcome†. But I think his experience in management is what transferred and made him succeed. Now, explaining the external analysis, internal analysis, and SWOT analysis of Ford will support my recommendations for the company. External Analysis Threats of new Entrants When you are talking about the auto industry, this force is weak. Since the automotive industry is very mature and in order to compete in these industry is really difficult, meaning economies of scale are really high. When you put in to consideration that cars are expensive to make, this means barrier of entry are high because of all the companies inside the industry. Being it really hard to build new loyal customer and product differentiation, it would at it max difficult to enter this industry endless you had high startup capital and be experts in RD. You also have to put into consideration various government

7. How Have Australian Governments Responded to the...

4. How has war shaped Australia in the twentieth century? Australia has been shaped through war since soldiers set to the First World War right up until the now with the war in Afghanistan. Aspects that made it controversial ideas from being a colony of Britain and the politics that came with it, development of treaties with other countries, social groups, and family honour. Being that Australia was apart of the British monarchy Australia sent many thousands of troops to fight for Britain during the First World War between 1914 and 1918. Thousands lost their lives at Gallipoli, on the Turkish coast and many more in France. Both Australian victories and losses on World War I battlefields contribute significantly to Australias national†¦show more content†¦SEATO is different to the ANZUS treaty because it isn’t between it involve joint commands or with standing forces. The reason it was created was bbecause of the 1954 Geneva Conference settling the First Indochina War (1946–1954), South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not SEATO members. [5] In addition, SEATOs response protocol in the event of communism presenting a common danger to the member nations was vague and ineffective, though membership in the SEATO alliance did provide a rationale for a large-scale U.S. military intervention in the region during the Vietnam War (1955†“1975).[6] Social groups play an enormous part during any war because of the debate that has surrounded it for so long and how it influenced men on war. The social groups were made up of protestors and conscientious objectors became prominent and soldiers often met a hostile reception on their return home in the later stages of the conflict. [7] By 1969 however, anti-war protests were gathering momentum and opposition to conscription was growing, with more people believing the war could not be won. The Gorton Government (returned with a reduced majority at the 1969 Election) ceased to

Macroeconomics The Growth of An Economy

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomics The Growth of An Economy. Answer: Economic Concepts The growth of an economy depends on a number of social, political and macroeconomic parameters (Blanchard and Johnson, 2012). The growth rate of a certain economy determines the rate at which the economy grows from one period to another. Depending on the period of estimation, the growth rate of an economy may overestimate or underestimate the true potential of economic growth (Mankiw, 2012). This is because in the short run the economy may be subject to temporary expansion or contraction due to unanticipated shocks or sudden changes in some macroeconomic parameter. An economy may grow at a higher rate than forecasted as a result of an improvement in some sector which constitutes a considerable proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP). This increased growth rate may be temporary or may sustain in the long run depending on where the expansion originated and whether it will persist (Krugman and Wells, 2012). Economic Analysis In the financial year of 2016, the economy of Singapore had grown at the rate of 1.2 percent in the third quarter. The government of Singapore had anticipated the growth rate to be somewhere in between 1.0 percent and 1.5 percent for the year 2016. However, on the 3rd of January 2017, the Ministry of Trade and Industry released the advanced estimates for the final quarter of 2016 which put forth a completely different and unexpected scenario (Shaffer, 2016). The growth rate recorded in the final three months was as high as 1.8 percent which was 0.6 percent above the growth rate of the preceding quarter (1.2 percent) and 0.3 percent higher than the maximum forecasted growth rate (1.5 percent). The recorded growth rates are estimated on a year-on-year basis. In the previous quarter there had been a contraction of about 1.9 percent. Moreover, economic output had considerably declined for two consecutive quarters marking a technical recession over the period. In spite of these, the gross domestic product (GDP) had recorded a growth rate of 9.1 percent based on a seasonally-adjusted quarter-on-quarter estimation. In the preceding November, industrial production had considerably risen and this gave way to the expectation that the economy would ward off a forthcoming technical recession (Min, 2016). The gross domestic product of the economy of Singapore had been anticipated to grow at the rate of 3.7 percent in the fourth quarter on an annualized basis compared to the previous quarter. The year-on-year growth rate was forecasted at 0.6 percent. These forecasts had been put forward by various economists interviewed by Reuters (Williams, 2017). Though the quarterly data for the economic growth in the year 2016 looked promising, the annual growth rate of the economy was the lowest marked since the financial year of 2009 which had recorded a low growth rate shrunk by 0.6 percent due to the global financial crisis. The financial year of 2015 had registered a growth rate of 2 percent. The quarterly GDP growth rate of the Singapore economy for the financial year 2016 evaluated at 2010 prices is shown in the following table: QUARTER GDP GROWTH RATE 1 2.1 2 2.1 3 1.2 4 1.8 The quarterly growth rate is illustrated with the following diagram: FIGURE 1 As shown in Figure 1, the growth rate of the economy had been constant at 2.1 percent for the first two quarters of 2016. In the third quarter, the growth rate dipped to 1.2 percent thereby recovering by 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter and recording a growth rate of 1.8 percent. The following table shows the GDP growth rates recorded by the economy of Singapore over the past 10 years: YEAR GDP GROWTH RATE 2007 9.11 2008 1.79 2009 -0.60 2010 15.24 2011 6.21 2012 3.67 2013 4.68 2014 3.26 2015 2.01 2016 1.80 The above table for the yearly growth rates of GDP for Singapore is illustrated with the following diagram: FIGURE 2 In Figure 2, it is seen that the economic growth rate for Singapore was as high as 9.11 percent in the year 2007. After the Global financial crisis hit, the growth rate fell to 1.79 percent in the year 2008 worsening further in the following year to hit a negative growth rate of -0.6 percent. Thereafter the economy had recovered rapidly in the year 2010 following which the growth rate had again fallen in the later years. As is evident from the above figure, the growth rate had been considerably fluctuating over the past few years. However, the financial year of 2016 recorded the lowest growth rate (1.8 percent) ever since the financial crisis period of 2009. The rapid and unexpected growth registered in the fourth quarter of 2016 is attributed to the remarkable development of the manufacturing and services sector of the economy. The manufacturing sector accounts for 20 percent of the gross domestic product of the economy. It had grown by 1.7 percent in the third quarter of 2016. However, in the fourth quarter the growth rate recorded by the manufacturing sector was as high as 6.5 percent. (Williams, 2017)According to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, transport engineering and the general manufacturing segments had been continuously shrinking. In spite of that the manufacturing sector on the whole recorded such a high growth rate due to the rapid development of the electronics and biomedical segments. The growth rate was 14.6 percent in the fourth quarter on a seasonally-annualized basis. There was a steep increase as compared to the previous quarters 8.1 percent contraction. The overall growth recorded by the manufacturing sector was 2 .3 percet for the year 2016. The quarterly growth rate of the manufacturing sector in shown in the following table: QUARTER GROWTH RATE 1 -0.4 2 1.5 3 1.7 4 6.5 The above table is represented with the help of the following diagram: FIGURE 3 On the other hand, the services sector of the Singapore economy had been growing at the rate of 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter which was much higher that the growth rate of 0.3 percent in the previous quarter. The sudden increase in the growth rate was reportedly due to the business services divisions along with the transportation and storage business segments. The expansion in the service sector was as high as 9.4 percent as estimated on a quarter-on-quarter basis which marked an improvement from the contraction of the preceding quarter. The services sector is said to constitute two-third of the gross domestic product of the economy and hence works as a fundamental driving force of growth and employment in the economy. Hence any development in the services sector will always be accompanied by a certain improvement of the economy. The fourth quarter of 2016 is said to have marked the end of the technical recession in the services sector. The quarterly growth of the services sector is shown in the following table: QUARTER GROWTH RATE 1 1.6 2 1.3 3 0.3 4 0.6 The above table is represented with the help of the following diagram: FIGURE 4 As is evident from Figure 4, the growth rate of the services sector had dipped steeply in the third quarter of 2016. But thereafter it recovered in the final quarter (Dornbusch, Fisher and Startz, 2013). A combination of all this led to the recorded growth of the Singapore economy in the fourth quarter of 2016. As a result of the upward movement in the growth rate, the aggregate demand in the economy would increase to a considerable extent because of the considerable improvements in the manufacturing and services sector. All the components of the gross domestic product like consumption, investment and government spending will all increase by a certain extent, thereby expanding the aggregate demand. The aggregate supply will also increase as a result of the development in the different sectors. The relative changes in the aggregate demand and aggregate supply are shown with the help of the following diagram: FIGURE 5 As is evident from Figure 5, the aggregate demand and aggregate supply of the economy both will increase. The changes in the price and output will depend on the relative changes in the two curves. The output will evidently increase and the new equilibrium output will be higher. However, the change in the price level will depend on the relative positions of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves. If aggregate supply increases more than the aggregate demand as shown in the above figure, then the price level will fall. On the other hand if aggregate demand increases more, the price level will increase. However, if the aggregate demand and aggregate supply increase by the same amount, the price level will remain the same. Conclusion In spite of a promising final quarter, it is difficult to predict what the future holds for the Singapore economy. The growth may not be sustainable as a result of the many downside risks that the economy may be subject to in the future. The downside risks include upward moving local interest rates, the weakness of the property market and the persistent process of economic restructuring. These factors will impact growth to a considerable extent and most likely on the downside. Rising interest rates translating into higher borrowing costs will have a downside effect on household and business spending along will also adversely influence the housing market. The growth rate for the year 2017 as predicted by Mr. Tan is 0.7 percent while that predicted by the government is between 1 to 3 percent. References Blanchard, O. and Johnson, D. (2012). Macroeconomics. 6th ed. New York: Pearson Education. Dornsbusch, R. Fisher, S. and Startz, R. (2013). Macroeconomics. 12th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Education. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. 3rd ed. New York: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. 8th ed. New York: Worth Publishers. Williams, A (2017). Singapore economy grew 1.8% in 2016 , stronger than expected: Flash data. [online] Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/singapore-economy-grew-18-in-2016-stronger-than-expected-flash-data [Accessed 6th March 2017]. Min, C (2016). Economists slash Singapore GDP forecasts for 2016, 2017 after disappointing Q3 data. [online] Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/economists-slash-singapore-gdp-forecasts-for-2016-2017-after-disappointing-q3-data [Accessed 6th March 2017]. Shaffer, L (2016). Economists are less optimistic about Singapores economic outlook. [online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/07/economists-are-less-optimistic-about-singapores-economic-outlook.html [Accessed 6th March 2017].

The american dream Essay Example

The american dream Essay The term American dream most of the time is associated with immigration in the united States, Native Americans also describe it as seeking the American dream or living the American dream. For people from other countries if its mentioned or asked about American dream we come to mind that It Is an opportunity to achieve more wealth than they could have In their home countries, for others It Is the opportunity for their children to grow up with a good education and great opportunities and for others those who see It as an opportunity to be an Individual without restrictions based on race, class, religion, etc. But Is this the reality? The American Dream can be defined as equality of opportunity. For some people this desire Is also transformed Into wealth In the monetary sense, because the dream Is also associated with Immigrants coming to a new country In which they find greater opportunities than in their own land. E have been seeing a united states as the fantastic land full of opportunities , where your life will improve , but they have a mindset that includes all kinds of superlatives. l want to be the biggest , the strongest, the best and richest in the world , in other words , his need to succeed is o that no matter how you get to it , to do enough. We will write a custom essay sample on The american dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The american dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The american dream specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer United States promised to be a place where anything was possible, Freedom that offered social and economic equality, a more pleasant place in which to live, where industrialization and technological advances opened the door to the amenities, access to a life without many human sacrifices They spend most of his life in search of happiness , and how have the mindset that happiness is equivalent to money and power miss an opportunity to spend time with his family , which is where the happiness of everyone to through the love they share.

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study High school science typically consists of two or three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Two of these credits usually require a laboratory component. Following is an overview of suggested required courses along with electives a student might find at a typical high school. Year One: Physical Science The physical science curriculum covers the natural sciences and nonliving systems. Students focus on learning overall concepts and theories to help them understand and explain aspects of nature. Across the country, different states have different opinions on what should be included in physical science. Some include astronomy and earth science while others focus on physics and chemistry. This sample physical science course is integrated and includes basic principles in: PhysicsChemistryEarth scienceAstronomy Year Two: Biology The biology curriculum involves the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. The course provides students with laboratories designed to help them understand the nature of living organisms along with their similarities and differences. Topics covered include: Cellular biologyThe lifecycleGeneticsEvolutionClassificationOrganismsAnimalsPlantsEcosystemsAP biology The College Board suggests that students take AP biology one year after they complete biology and a year of chemistry because AP biology is the equivalent of a first-year college introductory course. Some students choose to double up on science and take this their third year or as an elective in their senior year. Year Three: Chemistry The chemistry curriculum covers matter, atomic theory, chemical reactions and interactions, and the laws that govern the study of chemistry. The course includes laboratories that are designed to reinforce these major concepts. Topics covered include: MatterAtomic structureThe periodic tableIonic and covalent bondingChemical reactionsKinetic theoryGas lawsSolutionsChemical kineticsAcids, bases and salts Year Four: Electives Typically, students take their science elective in their senior year. Following are a sampling of typical science electives offered in high schools. Physics or AP physics: Physics is the study of the interactions between matter and energy. Students who have doubled up in previous years and taken basic physics might choose to take AP physics their senior year. Chemistry II or AP chemistry: Students who have taken their first year of chemistry might continue with chemistry II or AP chemistry. This course continues and expands on the topics taught in chemistry I. Marine science: Marine science is the study of the marine environment including the ecology of the seas and the diversity of marine organisms and ecosystems. Astronomy: Many schools do not offer courses in astronomy. However, the study of astronomy is a welcome addition as a science elective. Astronomy includes the study of the planets, stars and sun as well as other astronomical structures. Anatomy and physiology: This subject involves the study of the structures and functions of the human body. Students learn about the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous and other systems in the body. Environmental science: Environmental science is the study of the interaction between humans and the living and nonliving environment around them. Students learn about the effects of human interaction including deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction and issues surrounding the management of the Earths water resources.

Use of Estar and Ser with Adjectives of Marital Status

Use of Estar and Ser with Adjectives of Marital Status If you are learning to speak Spanish, you may be wondering which word describing martial status is correct - soy casada or estoy casada? The quick answer is that theyre both correct! With adjectives of marital status - ones other than casado (married) include soltero (single), divorciado (divorced) and viudo (widowed), along with their feminine equivalents - estar and ser are more or less interchangeable. Difference Between Ser and Ester Although the differences between ser and estar are usually distinct, that just doesnt seem to be so with the adjectives of marital status, where youll often hear the two verbs used with little difference in meaning. In some areas, however, one or the other may be preferred, and estar probably has an edge in everyday speech, at least with casado. Even so, use of estar can suggest (but doesnt always) there has been a change in marital status. Thus, you might ask a new acquaintance  ¿es usted casado? if you see his marital status as part of his identity. But you might ask a friend you havent seen for a while  ¿ests casado? as a way of asking, Have you become married since I saw you last? or Are you still married? Similarities With Other Spanish Adjectives The same is true with very few adjectives, such as gordo (fat) and delgado (thin), that describe personal characteristics. Both es gordo and est gordo can be used to say he is fat, for example. The latter often suggests that there has been a change, while the former may suggest merely a description of the way a person is. So the choice of verb can suggest an attitude - estar may suggest a state of being at the moment, while ser may suggest an inherent characteristic. In fact, that is the safest way to make your verb choice, and estar must be used where indeed there has been a change. But in everyday descriptions, the distinction of meaning isnt always a sharply clear one.

Court Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Court Case - Essay Example They say that in this era of economic development private property is now in danger of being transferred to another private owner who according to them will put it into a more productive use. These activists reason and put forward that these actions removes the distinction between private and public property and therefore they dissent. In their article narrating why they dissented, they give us an example of the events that went forth in New London. Petitioners were residents or investors owning homes in the Fort Trumbull neighborhood of New London, Connecticut. They were born and lived there all their lives and this was the place they had always called home. Suddenly the Pfizer Inc. realizes a business opportunity near the Fort Trumbull neighborhood and months later the New London city council grants the New London Development Corporation(NLDC) approval to prepare for the development plan named. Being a private and nonprofit corporation, with a mission of assisting the city council in economic development, NLDC having the mandate grasped the idea of the Pfizer to create jobs, increase tax among other benefits. A question arises, were the effects the development was going to cause on the residents considered? It is not stated in the article that an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) was carried out to indicate t he positive and negative effects the Pfizer will have on the people and the environment. This indicates a pure violation of rights and showcasing why the petitioners had to file the case so as to protect their property. They held that the NLDC had no powers to condemn their properties as stated in the Fifth Amendment. They claimed that the NLDC had approved a development plan on their property which was not a public one. According to the law the government cannot take their property for private use of other

The problems associated with the Blockbuster company Essay

The problems associated with the Blockbuster company - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Blockbuster. It was started in the year 1985 in Dallas as a single movie-renting store. With its aggressive growth strategy, the company managed to grow to nearly 7,265 stores in 24 nations around the world. Though the company remained as the world leader in movie rental during 1990s, problems emerged as new technologies developed in the area of entertainment distribution. New technologies that allowed online booking and online delivery of content developed as time passed, but the company management was adamant to give up its basic brick and mortar movie renting stores. As a result, while its competitors like Netflix effectively shifted to, and excelled in, methods like online booking, mail delivery and VOD, Blockbuster went on struggling with the already declining in-store movie renting systems and fell into debts. This resulted in a lot of issues in customer service that again made many existing customers leave the company. Firstly, the num ber of titles on offer declined dramatically, and secondly, popular items often went out-of-stock. Also, the delivery system was too slow as compared to that of its rivals. Thus, the company closed its year 2007 with a net loss of $ 85.1 million. This work looks into the various reasons behind the existing issues and tries to suggest ways for improvement in the future. A look into the performance of Blockbuster proves that once glamorous Blockbuster where everyone stopped to pick up a few movies has become a shadow of its past. There are a number of issues ranging from stiff competition, indifferent and doubtful management, lack of clear objectives, and finally, the continuously changing industry dynamics. Until the end of 1990s, Blockbuster was at the top of the rental business, and it never considered Netflix or any such other companies as consequential competitors. So the company paid little attention towards the emerging technologies and the changing customer preferences. Soon, the company found that its profits were going dramatically down. Thus, the stock price of the company fell from $29 to $2 per share. This was mainly the result of the emergence of other forms of entertainment delivery like rental by mail and video on demand. As these technologies emerged, a significant proportion of customers found them more convenient than in-store renting. It was at that juncture that the company made the most terrible mistake in its history. Instead of adapting itself to the emerging trend, the company decided to strengthen its in-store business. However, as the in-store business was destined to fail as technology allowed more convenient renting options, the effort proved futile. On the other hand, its rivals like Netflix who successfully adopted rental by mail and video on demand technologies found significant improvement in business and profit. As the company found itself in trouble, it started new strategies like kiosks, rental by mail and video on demand. How ever, each of the new strategies had its own defect too. For example, the rental by mail offered by Blockbuster was not as effective as that of Netflix. While Netflix managed to deliver the order in a single day, Blockbuster took one to three days. Also, while Netflix ensured successful delivery in more than 95% of the cases, many of the Blockbuster visitors found their favorite titles out-of-stock. Admittedly, the company has taken beneficial steps that will improve the position of the company in future. First of all, it has widened the product array in its brick and mortar stores by adding electronic appliances and video games. Secondly, it has started VOD though it has not been seriously explored. In fact, most of the problems faced by the company are associated with the lack of a specific objective. The management goes on changing its strategies in very short intervals, and hence, the customers get too puzzled to take a decision. Also, even the company representatives find it

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay Example for Free

Commandment Relation to Christ-like Love Essay The commandment I choose which displays three types of Christ-like love is the 8th commandment, Thou shall not steal. The first type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is desiring what is the best for others. Stealing is something that is very wrong. For example, if someone is angry at someone, they might express their anger by stealing their belongings. This is not right. Someone can just approach the person they are angry at, and tell them how they feel about the situation. This is much better for others instead of stealing. The second type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is that it is an emotion and decision. Stealing is a decision that is made when people go through various types of emotions. Some emotions include anger, frustration, mad, stressed, etc. When someone feels like this, they might feel like stealing someones belongings . By making the decision not to steal, it will make someone feel a different type of emotion. They will feel proud because they know that they are doing the right decision instead of doing something bad. Nevertheless, this is why the commandment Thou shall not steal is an emotion and decision. The third type of Christ-like love that the commandment Thou shall not steal displays is walking away from harm. Depending on what is stolen, it can be considered a crime. Nevertheless, anytime of stealing is wrong, no matter how valuable the item is. For example, if someone stole a top from The Gap store, it is considered a crime. In addition to this wrong crime, if someone steals a pencil from a teachers desk it is just as wrong. Even though the pencil isnt as valuable as a top, any type of stealing causes harm. When walking away from this, it saves harm for both the stealer and the victim. Both people will not be involved in any type of stealing situation when showing the Christ-like love of walking away from harm.

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in the Hole Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire on April 23, 1564. He was the first son and third child of John Shakespeare, a leather tanner and a maker of gloves, and Mary Arden Shakespeare. William’s parents were married around 1558 and had a total of eight children, three of which died in childhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William’s family had been living in the area of Warwickshire for many years and was respected. William’s father was at one time prosperous and elected to municipal offices. He was a member of the Stratford council in 1557 and appointed mayor in 1568. John was not without fault, though, and four times from 1570 to 1572 he faced prosecution for money lending and illegally buying wool. He fell into hard times financially and stopped buying property, went into dept, and even mortgaged part of his wife’s inheritance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite financial difficulties in the family, the boy William’s education was not neglected, and he went to the local school in Stratford. Some scholars questions whether a single could have written all the great literature attributes to Shakespeare, citing his schooling as proof that he was poorly educated, but their assumption is probable false. ( ) The teachers in school the William had attended had degrees from Oxford, and the education that the boy received was likely very good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exactly what young William did after his years of schooling is not really clear, but we do know that during the winter of 1582, at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, the eldest daughter of Richard Hathaway. She was 26, much older than her teenage husband, and pregnant by him. The church announcement of the marriage was waived on November 28, 1582 and less than six months later their first child, Susanna, was baptized in Stratford church on May 26, 1583. Early in 1585, Anne gave birth to twins: Hament, their only son (who died young), and Judith, their second daughter. With a wife and three kids to maintain, and still dependent on his father one of the London acting companies that had been touring in Stratford.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare moved to London in 1585, where he was very successful. He was an actor and a writer and even owned his own playhouse. He was very respected man there. He was the first playwright to have his formal biography written and published with his works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1592 William was firmly established in the big city of London.

Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis

Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. In this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI and a group of individuals with TBI.The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. The objective is the reason researchers are conducting the research. Farrugia et al. cites Hayes in saying when formulating a research objective it is essential to know â€Å"where the boundary between current knowle dge and ignorance lies. † (Farrugia 2010).Understanding the missing component among previously conducted research and current observations is a key component when formulating a research objective. Research questions are the questions asked in order to achieve the objective. According to Farrugia et al. , an effective research question should â€Å"specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field† and be compliant with current ethical standards (Farrugia et al. 2010).The study authors further suggest using the FINER criteria in order to develop an effective initial research question. This delineates the research question into several component parts to analyze in detail the efficacy of the research question and if, among all the available or visible possible questions, the question chosen is the most effective research question to guide the stud y. For example, according to Jackson, a research question may state â€Å"do science majors score higher on intelligence tests then students in the general population† (Jackson 2011).This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise for later research studies.A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers â€Å"want to support that predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared† (Jackson 2011). For further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed â€Å"from the research question and then the m ain elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance† (Farrugia et al.2010).The research hypothesis differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared to children who do not attend educationally-based after school programs.The alternative hypothesis in this case would be that the researcher wants to prove that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores. In order to accomplish this, because of the nature of proving and disproving facts and the impossibility of proving the truth of the hypothesis through statistics, the researcher would have to construct a null hypothesis â€Å"the hypothesis predicting that no differences exists between the groups being compares† (Jackson 2011).In this case the null hypotheses would perhaps say that children who attend academically-based after school programs have the same IQ scores as children who do not attend such programs. This would then allow the researcher to attempt to disprove the null hypothesis using inferential statistics to reject the null hypothesis, which in turn would mean the research or alternative hypothesis, is potentially supported by the data gathered by the researcher. Another important consideration is weather the hypothesis will be one-tailed or two-tailed.A one-tailed hypothesis is an hypothesis â€Å"in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups† (Jackson 2011). A two-tailed hypothesis is â€Å"an al ternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference. † Whether one-tailed or two tailed (Jackson 2011) the hypothesis gives credence to the research and provides the schema on which researchers build their research study. Research Questions, Objectives and Hypothesis Research objectives are the goals of the research study. Research objectives specify the reason researchers are conducting research. For example, researchers may want to better understand the difference in pain scale results among subjects with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. In this case the research objective would cause researchers to take steps to conduct scientific analysis to determine the variations in pain experienced between a group of individuals without a diagnosis of TBI and a group of individuals with TBI.The research objective is to determine if there is a difference in perceived pain levels among patients with a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury as compared with individuals without a diagnosis of moderate traumatic brain injury. The objective is the reason researchers are conducting the research. Farrugia et al. cites Hayes in saying when formulating a research objective it is essential to know â€Å"where the boundary between current knowle dge and ignorance lies. † (Farrugia 2010).Understanding the missing component among previously conducted research and current observations is a key component when formulating a research objective. Research questions are the questions asked in order to achieve the objective. According to Farrugia et al. , an effective research question should â€Å"specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field† and be compliant with current ethical standards (Farrugia et al. 2010).The study authors further suggest using the FINER criteria in order to develop an effective initial research question. This delineates the research question into several component parts to analyze in detail the efficacy of the research question and if, among all the available or visible possible questions, the question chosen is the most effective research question to guide the stud y. For example, according to Jackson, a research question may state â€Å"do science majors score higher on intelligence tests then students in the general population† (Jackson 2011).This question guides the course of the research study and guides researchers in setting up the study effectively and accurately. It is important, throughout the course of research, to ensure that additional questions do not cloud the initial research question (Farrugia et al. 2010). This requires a focus on the original research question and the ability of researchers to set aside additional questions that may arise for later research studies.A research hypothesis or alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis which researchers â€Å"want to support that predicts a significant difference exists between the two groups being compared† (Jackson 2011). For further description, Farrugia et al. describes the research hypothesis a hypothesis developed â€Å"from the research question and then the m ain elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance† (Farrugia et al.  2010).The research hypothesis differs from the null hypothesis and sets the course of the study, the study details and types of measures used during the study. Jackson provides an example of a research hypothesis being derived from an initial research objective when a researcher wants to illustrate that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores compared to children who do not attend educationally-based after school programs.The alternative hypothesis in this case would be that the researcher wants to prove that children who attend educationally-based after school programs have higher IQ scores. In order to accomplish this, because of the nature of proving and disproving facts and the impossibility of proving the truth of the hypothesis through statistics, the researcher would have to construct a null hypothesis â€Å"the hypothesis predicting that no differences exists between the groups being compares† (Jackson 2011).In this case the null hypotheses would perhaps say that children who attend academically-based after school programs have the same IQ scores as children who do not attend such programs. This would then allow the researcher to attempt to disprove the null hypothesis using inferential statistics to reject the null hypothesis, which in turn would mean the research or alternative hypothesis, is potentially supported by the data gathered by the researcher. Another important consideration is weather the hypothesis will be one-tailed or two-tailed.A one-tailed hypothesis is an hypothesis â€Å"in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups† (Jackson 2011). A two-tailed hypothesis is â€Å"a n alternative hypothesis in which the researcher predicts that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference. † Whether one-tailed or two tailed (Jackson 2011) the hypothesis gives credence to the research and provides the schema on which researchers build their research study.

Environmental Case Study Essay

Malathion is a type of pesticide that is usually used in health pest control programs. For example, in mosquito eradication. It is used in various areas and public recreation areas. Other synonyms of Malathion include ‘carbofos’ ‘maldison’ and mercaptothion. It has been used in the past, to eradicate mosquito, Mediterranean fruit fly and the West Nile virus. Malathion use needs to be assessed well. In any urban set up, people are at a very high risk of being affected in case of careless use of this pesticide. Towns support a large number of populations, together with their facilities. As a member of the town council, it would be very crucial for me to carry out a risk assessment exercise before embarking on Malathion use in and around the town. The states of risk assessment will include: hazard identification, dose-response, exposure and risk characterization. In hazard identification, the hazards of using Malathion are identified together with their consequences. Hazards can be grouped into several major groupings. One major group is hazards of Malathion use on human beings. In an urban set up, a large population of people is concentrated at one point. For example, what danger can Malathion use be, if absorbed or ingested into the human body or if present in water sources. If Malathion use can case disorders in unborn babies is also identified. Another category of hazard identification is, hazards Malathion use may cause on the natural environment. This includes vegetation and even soil components. Both domestic and wild animals could be affected by its use. Just like humans, what consequences does Malathion use result to, if absorbed or ingested into the animals’ bodies. The soil interaction with the pesticide means, Malathion use can as well be a hazard to it. Soil supports life on the planet. Chemicals that would change soil composition puts at risk other life forms that depend on that soil. It would be very vital to identify Malathion use hazard and consequences on the environment that people live in. It would also be important to identify hazards of Malathion components on the water bodies. People, animals and plants use water. Identifying the hazards Malathion- contained water may expose to them is crucial in any risk assessment exercise. Dose-response This term refers to the change in effect caused by differing levels of pesticide use (Malathion) in an organism. Organisms can be affected in differing ways, by differing levels of Malathion use. Dose-response assessment would be very critical since, it helps one to identify consequences of Malathion use on organisms. It would be good, to note the effects of Malathion on organisms that exist on that environmental set up. If differing levels of exposure or doses to a stressor triggers change in effect of organisms, the effects will assist in recognizing the risks people, animals or plants are exposed to (Baker et al). Exposure of Malathion use, in risk assessment causes changes in effect of organisms. At this state, chemical components of Malathion, plus their doses are analyzed to determine effects they may have on organisms. For example, quantities of Malathion that differ will not have similar effects on either organisms or the environment. For example chronic exposure to low levels of Malathion have been hypothesized to impair memory. (U. S department of Health and Human Services, retrieved on 2008). This would need to be established if it is true or not. Possible effects of Malathion doses should be established and research done on them, for confirmation before a mission to use Malathion is embarked on. Risks can be characterized depending on affected subjects, areas affected or systems affected. Previous studies have indicated human deaths from Malathion use. Others include intestinal disorders in children, children leukemia, lung damage and kidney damage. Human birth defects have been confirmed in women exposed to Malathion lice shampoo. Malathion results to brain damage and chromosome defects in human blood cells. Genes could also be lost. The immune system is weakened, where there is increased risk of bacteria or viral infection. Animal deaths have occurred and tumors detected on their bodies. Heart defects appear in exposed fish. (Epidemology, 1992: World Health Organization: Edwards et al, 2007) As a result of the risk assessment, I would not vote for the use of Malathion in Genericville city. The hazard exposed to the people, animals and the environment is too great. The effects outweigh any justification for Malathion use. It would be good if other options of controlling the pest were completely exhausted before using the Malathion. Economically, Malathion use could result to extra costs incurred to correct its negative effects on the people, animals and environment. It may lead to political conflicts. Where the community does not agree with Malathion use, use by the council authority will result to disagreements with the community. References Baker E. et al. 1978. Epidemic Malathion poisoning in Pakistan malaria workers Edwards J. et al. 2007. Worker exposure and a risk assessment of Malathion and fenthion Used in the control of Mediterranean fruit fly in south Australia. Environ. Re. 103 (1) Mediterranean fruit fly in south Australia. Environ. Re. 103 (1) Epidemology: Jan 1992. 3 (1): 32-39 U. S Department of Health and Human Services: agency for toxic substances and disease Registry- medical guidelines for Malathion. Retrieved on 15 April 2008 World health organization www. //who. int/entity/water-sanitation-health/dwq/chemicals/malathion/en Retrieved on 15April 2008

Early Childhood Education and Childcare Essays

Early Childhood Education and Childcare Essays Early Childhood Education and Childcare Essay Early Childhood Education and Childcare Essay Drumhead Why Universal Childcare? is a great rubric for an article such as this 1. The inquiry enters the reader into a huge pool of possible replies to the inquiry. First off. what does cosmopolitan childcare average? For me. I believe that cosmopolitan child care means all around child care. non merely in a general sense. but all over the map child care. Most people don’t see a job with child care in Canada. but it seems as if there are some issues refering to the system of child care in Canada. In a state of close to five million kids of 0-12 old ages of age. Canada now has fewer than 900. 000 regulated child care infinites. The per centum of kids for whom a infinite is available increased merely to 17. 5 per centum about a 10 per centum addition over the past 15 years . ( Prentice. 2009. p. 1 ) . A frequent job most organizations/programs tally into is frequently funding the plans. Without support. the plans normally suffer and do non run into the maximal sum of attention and quality that it should be able to run into. Along with this. the childhood educators/childcare suppliers may be undertrained. The quality of the attention is often distressing: limited public funding forces plans to run as cheaply as possible. and demands for plans are low. The early childhood pedagogues who provide the attention are underpaid and frequently undertrained. Overall. Canada’s early childhood instruction and care state of affairs suffers from chronic disregard. ( Prentice. 2009. p. 1 ) . Another ground why this state of affairs may come across as flooring to most people. is because Canada is an highly affluent state. so you could anticipate Canada to hold a really strong child care plans. Childcare plans are ever altering. they have changed drastically in the last few old ages. most plans are now looking for ways to construe ways of acquisition and more societal support for kids. ECEC ( Early Childcare Education and Care ) is about an incorporate and consistent attack to policy. It is about supplying attention that includes all kids and all kids irrespective of employment or socio-economic position. ( Prentice. 2009. p. 4 ) . Integrating societal support and larning into these child care plans will spread out the cognition and adaptability of kids when come ining their ulterior childhood instructions. The history of child care helps explicate why today child care plans are ill put together. The beginnings of child care were in philanthropic gift and benevolence. From the mid- 19th century to the center of the 20th century. most of what we know today as child care plans were provided by educational. philanthropic. or spiritual organisations. frequently led by outstanding adult females. ( Prentice. 2009. p. 71 ) . Women were the 1s who usually ran the child care centres. but as we see today. adult females are come ining the paid work force. The authoritiess did non play a function back so. hence they did non play a portion in the duty. Today. we count on the authorities to assist fund and form these plans. which is still a underdeveloped undertaking. After World War II. the federal authorities stopped funding child care. This lead out into effusions which lead to: The Day of Nurseries Act. which became Canada’s foremost provincial statute law. This lead to the figure of childcare plans spread outing. We saw a prima alteration in child care happen in 2006. when the Harper Conservatives made childcare one of their five prima promises. In the 2006 election the Harper Conservatives made childcare one of their five taking promises . ( Prentice. 2009. p. 84. ) . Unfortunately. what was promised to parents neer happened. Childcare disappeared in importance. How were parents supposed to swear anyone with their childcare money’ ? Following the cancellation of the national child care program. childcare infinite enlargement showed the smallest addition in regulated kid attention in some old ages: an addition of merely 26. 661 infinites since 2006. ( Prentice. 2009. p. 86 ) . The writer is seeking to demo the reader the importance of history. and how the small things contribute to how child care as a whole has developed over the old ages. Besides. the importance of support plans for child care.

8 Steps to Creating a Great Nursing Resume

8 Steps to Creating a Great Nursing Resume You’ve finished your course load and you’re ready to join the work force in your new career. Or, maybe   you’re looking to switch hospitals or positions. No matter what the reason for a job hunt in the nursing field, you need the  best resume tips to help you write a quality resume that will net you an interview. Here are 8 tips to ensure success.Make it short, sweet, and to the pointDon’t make the hiring manager wade through tons of dense language. Just make it catchy and succinct. Think one page for entry-level nurses and 2-3 for veteran nurses, depending on your amount of experience.Go for the big pictureInstead of including the â€Å"Job Objectives† section at the top, why not consider a â€Å"Career Profile† instead? Talk about your professional nursing career to date and where you’re looking to steer it to give hiring managers the best idea of why they should take you on.Go SEOUse keywords, just as you would when trying to in crease traffic to a webpage. HR departments frequently search through resume databases hunting for keywords. â€Å"Registered Nurse† or â€Å"RN† and â€Å"staff nurse† are a good start.Get GeekySimply writing â€Å"Computer savvy† just won’t cut it anymore. Describe your particular computer skills by name. And be sure to include any electronic medical records systems (EMR) that you’re familiar with, plus any medical-related software (and the usual office programs).Squeeze from the bottom upPresent your work history in reverse chronological order, from the most recent down to the earliest job.Glitz it upIf you have any professional achievements to boast of (speaking engagements, articles published, awards, positions in any organizations or societies), it’s great to include a section highlighting those achievements. You never know, it could make all the difference.Label itMake it easy for you to find your resume file, and for your empl oyer to find it also. Save it clearly with your surname first, then your first name or initials, and the date of submission.Proof itThis is a no-brainer. When you’re all finished, make sure to go over it with a fine-toothed comb looking for formatting, punctuation, spelling, and style errors. Then do this several times more. Errors on a resume are like a black mark. If possible, have a friend look it over, as well, with fresh eyes. And don’t use any crazy fonts. Standard fonts in a standard size (12 pt) will do.

SQL Injection Vulnerabilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SQL Injection Vulnerabilities - Research Paper Example Exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities enables an attacker to persistently foist dynamic and storage page content generation that would include malicious code in the attacked site. The visitors to the site may thus be redirected to malicious sites. The SQL injection attack vectors are represented by data passed to the vulnerable web application from the user and which is processed by supporting database. Practically, the most common SQL injection attack vectors arise from the data transmitted through HTTP POST and HTTP GET. Other attack vectors are HTTP User-Agent, HTTP cookie data, and Referer header values. The exploitation of some SQL injection vulnerabilities can be effected through the authentication of unprivileged user accounts, all of which depends on where the application fails in the sanitization of the input. This means that the sites that readily and easily allow the users to create new accounts hold additional risks. The automatic detection of the vulnerabilities of th e SQL injections depends on the heuristics of the behavior of the target application in responding to the specially crafted queries. The techniques involved in the detection heuristics are classified into three categories. The Boolean-based blind SQL injection which includes the supply of multiple valid statements that bears evaluation to true or false in the affected area at the request of HTTP. Through the comparison of the response page between both situations, the success of the injection can be inferred by the tool.

Stress reduction technique that worked for me (prayer) Essay

Stress reduction technique that worked for me (prayer) - Essay Example Firstly, I have seen serious fights between my parents since my childhood. I have grown up in a very dysfunctional family. There is not much bonding amongst the family members or with my relatives. One of the major reasons for my parent’s fights is their frustration regarding the financial condition. My dad has been working really hard but due to some reason or the other he suffers a loss. Secondly, my sister got married 2 years back and when she was 6 months pregnant, she returned to our home and then we got to know that there has been serious issues going on between them and she wanted to be separated from her husband that is she wanted a divorce which upset me a lot. Lastly, exams at this stage also cause stress because in such a situation, it is very difficult to stay home and study or to concentrate in the books. It was Tuesday night 12 am when suddenly my sister came to my place. She was crying like anything and when she told my mother the whole story, I burst into tears. I didn’t know what to do and what to say at that time. My tears were due to the accumulation of all the tensions and stresses I had. That was the time when I decided to pray to God and ask for His help. Before I started to pray, I was mentally very disturbed. I could not think of any positive thing around me and was lost in some other world. Then I started to pray. Prayer as a stress reduction technique follows a four step procedure. Firstly there is supplication in which I asked for guidance in my own words along with the set prayer which said â€Å"Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have Mercy on me† and â€Å"Lord Jesus Christ have mercy on my soul†. In this we ask for certain events to turn out the way we want to. Then there is meditation in which being still in body, which is contributing to the settling of the turbulent waters of issues in the mind; confusion falling away so that the voice of conscience can be heard. In this, our mind relaxes and becomes more

Survey of job Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey of job - Assignment Example They cited large pay and stability of income in choosing a job in the private sector as well as the training they could get from it in addition to their education. They also cited doing what they would like to do and have professional satisfaction. They cited that the prestige in working in their home country lies in the corporate world and business. Most works first in the corporate world to get an experience and feel of the business world then put up their own business. Business is also perceived well in their culture and is desired by many to be the road towards financial success and being in control of their time (that is, they do not have to wake early morning to go work and experience the heavy Manila traffic). Regarding working in the government, they were asked if it is possible to get jobs in the government even if you are from a middle-class family. They said yes for as long as the prospective applicant is well connected. They mentioned that while there are some middle class background Filipinos can get into the government with their own merits, most still depends on one’s connections. If one has connections either from relatives, family friendship or political patrons it is almost certain that one can get into the government. Most of them frown on working for the government because government is generally perceived to be corrupt and incompetent. There is prestige in working for government in their home country. They also worry that their education may become useless because of the bureaucracy. The backgrounds of the respondents vary with some taking business administration, some in line with education and engineering. In their culture, most honest jobs in the corporate and business world is respected and has prestige if one is good at it. They generally strive for jobs that they believe they like with all of the jobs including law, business, education and corporate having the same level of

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis Ethics Essay Introduction All psychological studies focusing on human being needs to obtain ethical approval by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee. Psychologist wishing to conduct a research/study must first submit a filled in form of psychology ethics committee application cover page, write up a detail proposal describing the research process and attach any supporting documents. These steps are compulsory prior to research in order to protect participants from inhumane harm. Due to past examples of highly unethical research like the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment and â€Å"David Reimer† experiment, it has triggered psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in psychology which provides ethical guidelines for researchers. The code of ethics includes informed consent, voluntary participation, right to withdraw, accurate reporting, do no harm, debriefing and desensitisation. Experiment 1 – Unethical Reasons The first example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1920 at John’s Hopkins University by behavioural psychologist John B. Watson and his assistant. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether fear is something born with or can be learned due to exposure of environmental influences; and if phobia can be developed by classical conditioning. The participant was 9 month old infant, Little Albert. In the experiment, Little Albert was first exposed to various white or furry objects and happenings that usually cause fear. Next, a white lab rat was given to Albert and he showed no fear. Watson then made loud banging sounds behind Albert’s back every time he touched the rat – Little Albert cried. He became upset when he was exposed to the white rat again as he linked the rat with the banging noise produced. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as Little Albert was not protected from psychological harm – the main purpose of the experiment is to test if fear can be developed by classical conditioning. Also, Watson knew that there will be not be sufficient time left to treat any possible fears/harms caused. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as Little Albert did not volunteer for the study, he is too young. Little Albert was chosen from the hospital where his mother worked as a wet nurse. She is financially dependent on the hospital for income and feared that she would lose her job if she disagreed Little Albert’s participation. In addition, she received $1 for Little Albert’s participation in the experiment. In a way, she was forced to agree for participation in order to keep her job and due to aid in financial struggles. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his mother was never informed about the procedure, the pros cons and withdrawal rights of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"desensitisation and debriefing† guideline is breached as there was no removal of ill effects and Little Albert was never treated for his fears as he left the hospital right after the experiment ended. As a result, Little Albert developed fears towards anything that was white fluffy and grown up having a phobia of dogs. Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, the do no harm and desensitisation guideline could be linked together. Watson should have suggested treatment plans to help remove the harm and cause of fear of Little Albert. This is extremely crucial in protecting the participants from future psychological problems that may have a significant impact on their lives. Secondly, Watson should have chosen other babies who didn’t have parents who worked in that hospital, so that they do not feel pressured to accept the request. Also, Watson should not use money to gain agreement for participation. Lastly, Watson should have properly inform Little Albert’s mom about the experiment procedure and make it clear that he had the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time without any problems caused. Experiment 2 – Unethical The second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1965 at John’s Hopkins Hospital by sexologist Dr Money. The purpose of the experiment was to prove that nurture, instead of nature determines gender identity and sexual orientation. The participant was 22 month old baby, David Reimer. In the experiment, the baby underwent a sex re–assignment surgery where his testes were surgically removed. David (now Brenda) changed his name and was brought up as a female. The plan failed when his family finally revealed her original gender at age 15. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as David Reimer experienced severe psychological harm – he committed suicide at age 38. Also, the experiment has indirectly caused harm to his family: his mom was suicidal, his dad was alcoholic and his twin brother was severely depressed committed suicide at the end. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as David Reimer did not volunteer for the study, his parents were equally horrified by the suggestion of a sex change, but eventually agreed to the procedure. Little did they know Dr Money’s real intention – to use David to prove his â€Å"theory of gender neutrality†, which states that gender can be trained by being brought up in an appropriate environment. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his parents were not properly informed of the experiment. They were not told what was going on during the kidsâ€⠄¢ yearly meetings with Dr Money. Fourthly, the â€Å"accurate reporting† guideline is breached. Dr Money wrote a report on his study and claimed that the experiment was a huge success and that his theory is supported, which greatly contradicts the data from previous reports. It is clear that the Reimer family were having huge psychological issues – David wasn’t living up to his role as Dr Money had described in his report. Dr Money has falsified the outcome of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"withdrawal rights† is breached as David and his twin brother Brian were forced to travel to Baltimore for yearly meetings with Dr Money until they refused (not because they had the right to withdraw, but because they were too frightened to see him) Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, Dr Money should have suggested a psychiatrist to evaluate David and provide counselling treatment to aid in his acceptance of his true gender. Dr Money should have suggested treatment centres for the Reimer family to visit to remove all negative effects caused by the hidden truth of David’s real gender. Secondly, Dr Money should have debrief the Reimer family of his real intentions of using David as an experimental object is due to selfishness, instead of persuading them to believe that a sex change is indeed the best advice that Dr Money can give. Thirdly, Dr Money should have informed David’s parents of what he did during the yearly meetings. In those meetings, he frightened the twins by using disgusting and inappropriate ways to make a clear cut difference between feminine and masculine. He made David and his twin perform sexual acts and took photos of them naked. Lastly, Dr Money should have accurately report his experiment results. Many textbooks were re-written just to publish his theory that he stated as supported, which in reality just clearly contradicts the whole experiment result when David committed suicide due to depression. Conclusion All in all, when there weren’t any ethical guidelines in the past, unethical experiments can be conducted by psychologists for selfish and illegitimate reasons. It is due to such unethical experiments that urged psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in order to protect the participants from inhumane harm. All psychologist have to strictly follow the guidelines in order to obtain approval to conduct their intended experiment. Due to the lack of guidelines in the past, Little Albert was psychologically harmed that he developed a phobia which was not treated. David Reimer was also psychologically harmed as he was not informed of his original gender until 15 years later where his whole family broke down psychologically. Previously, â€Å"she† was so confused and was often teased about her questionable gender identity, which also impacted on her self-esteem. In reality, both experiments could be run ethically even if a code of ethics was not issued in the early days. However, this is dependent on the degree of common sense and humaneness the psychologist designs the experiment. Referencing Introduces the reader to the fact that psychological research today must follow ethical guidelines. Briefly states what these guidelines are. Explains that there are examples of past research that would breach today’s guidelines. Describes an example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Describes a second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines.. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the second example of research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Sums up main points of the essay (does not introduce any new information or ideas). Harvard in-text referencing and a full reference list is essential

Pedogenesis in Western Washington and Northern Alaska: A Comparison of

Pedogenesis in Western Washington and Northern Alaska: A Comparison of the Primary Factors Introduction: Pedology is partially based on the established principle that soil changes are directly correlated to specific biotic communities and regional climatic patterns. From this principle questions have arisen as to why the Arctic tundra that lies above the treeline in Alaska displays similar chemical characteristics to that of the well-developed Podzols and Spodosols found in the coniferous forests of Washington. The Podzols and Spodsols of these coniferous forests are defined by their cool and humid regional climates and by the acidic parent material from which they formed. Recent studies indicate that the E and Bs horizons that define the temperate forest soils are also found above the treeline in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia (Ugolini, Stoner, & Marret, 1987). What role does biota play in the current soil formation for each of the sites? Why do the similarities exist between the sites despite differences in climate and vegetation? What other factors consistently influence the soil properties? The purpose of my paper is to address the question of which soil forming factors have the greatest effect on the similar and distinct characteristics of the two geographic locations. Podzolization: Pedogenic Change in Alaska and Washington Chemical analyses of temperate forest soils in the Pacific Northwest have been collected to examine soil forming trends (Ugolini, Stoner, & Marret, 1987). Such data allows us to compare various ecosystems and their characteristic pedological processes. Ugolini et al 1987 show how the soil solution analysis allows us to see ". . . a simple two-compartment system" (p.91). The first ... ...d processes, principles, and knowledge necessary to further our understanding of modern pedogenesis as an important part of soil science. References Cited: Birkland, Peter, 1984, Soils and Geomorphology: New York, Oxford University Press, 372 p. Marret D.J., Stoner M.G., & F.C. Ugolini, August 1987, "Arctic Pedogenesis: 1. Evidence for Contemporary Podzolization." Soil Science, 144, p.90-100. Schlichte, A.K., & F.C. Ugolini, May 4, 1973, "The Effect of Holocene Environmental Changes on Selected Western Washington Soils," Soil Science, 116, p.218-227. Sletten, Ronald, & F.C. Ugolini, January 1991, "The Role of Proton Donors in Pedogenesis as Revealed by Soil Solution Studies." Soil Science,151, p.59-72. Stoner, M.G., & F.C. Ugolini, January 1968, "Arctic Pedogenesis: 2. Threshold-Controlled Subsurface Leaching Episodes." Soil Science, 145, p.46-50.

Rhetorical analysis of “Migration on Ice” Essay

â€Å"Migration, on Ice: How Globalization Kills Chickens for Their Parts† is an article that was written by Malia Wollan, a regular contributor to that New York Times. The article was originally published in an issue of a magazine called Meatpaper, a magazine devoted to discussing the policies, ethics and other issues that surround meat. Although Ms. Wollan does not have a direct call to action in the article, it’s argument is that globalization of the meat industry has a lot of ill effects on the people on the receiving end, in addition to it’s obvious benefit of cheap meat. The article uses the persuasive tactics of ethos, logos and pathos throughout in order to establish credibility with the reader and direct them to the conclusion that she wants. The author uses Ethos effectively throughout the article. There was obviously a lot of research done about the topic, including personal interviews and statistical analysis. She wants the reader to think the globalization of the meat industry is essentially unethical. She writes, â€Å"In a country where more than 30 percent of the population lives in poverty, cheap protein is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, it provides affordable nutrition. On the other, it eliminates livelihoods.† I think that this quote appeals to the ethics of the reader and provides them with some form of proof that this practice should change. She also interviews chicken farmers in Ghana whose lives have been ruined by this importation of chicken, further appealing to the ethical side of the reader. Overall, Ms. Wollan seems to be making a fair request in the article. It appears that she is very knowledgeable about the subject and that she is a trusted source and isn’t trying to misl ead the reader.

Six Sigma for Sustainability in Multinational Organizations

Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations Abdullah AlSagheer, Hamdan Bin Mohammed e-University, Dubai UAE ABSTRACT The Six Sigma model provides various kinds of sustainability to companies in terms of quality enhancement, zero defect level, market share enhancement, optimal production level and financial returns. Multinational companies are more orientated toward impl ementation of Six Sigma than small scale locally held companies.Numerous larger companies have so far implemented Six Sigma including 3M, Caterpillar, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon. com, DHL, SGL group, Dell, Ford Motor Company, DuPont, McGraw Hi ll Companies and HSBC group. Implementation of Six Sigma requires considerable cost and effort in terms of human resource training and reformulation of business processes. This study is an attempt to find what kind of sustainability motivates multinational companies to invest in Six Sigma. Sustainability identified includes social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and economic sustainability.With the aid of interviews, a constant comparison study is conducted in order to find the most preva lent type of sustainability offered by Six Sigma. A sample is drawn from multinational companies which have already implemented Six Sigma in their operations. The findings suggest that multinational companies implement Six Sigma in order to attain econom ic sustainability through various means such as market share, customer base, and social sustainability. Keywords: Six Sigma; sustainability; multinationals; economic sustainability; zero defect level; financial sustainabilityINTRODUCTION T he world is witnessing a reformed shape of business, an approach more focused on quality and customer care. The traditional concept of supplier orientation has shifted to customer orientation and traditional mean ing of quality has also changed. Quality management, total quality management, zero defect level, lean management, continuous improvement and Six Sigma have evolved over the period of time to meet quality requirements of customers. Each having a slighter different and updated focus of quality, Six S igma is the most advance approach.Six Sigma is a quality management initiative that takes the methodological approach based on data attempting to eliminate the defects to minimize standard deviation to desired level of quality (Six Sigma, 2010). The study is focused to find sustainability that Six Sigma brings in multinationals. Small businesses, due to their small scale and low organized processes confront difficulties while implementing six sigma processes. Present study finds the sustainability that six sigma provides to larger multinational organizations in terms of society, environment and financial return.Background Of Study Initiated by Motorola, Six Sigma has largely been adopted by number of multinational, larger scale companies. A few to mentioned includes 3M, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon. com, DHL, SGL group, Dell, Ford Motor company, DuPont, McGraw Hill Companies, HSBC group, United States Army and many others (Gupta, 2005). It is pertinent to notice that mostly multinational an d larger companies have adopted Six Sigma (Wiele, Iwaarden and Power, 2010).Literature and actual implementation of Six Sigma largely reflects the fact that multinational companies are more inclined towards adoption of Six Sigma as it produces multifacete d sustainability. Core reasons of this adoption is that multinational afford higher cost of training, higher technical expertise requirement and more advance processes (Gupta, 2005).  © 2011 The Clute Institute 7 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Statement Of The Research ProblemMultinational organizations adopts six sigma as it offer them sustainability and diversity however , it is important to learn what type of sustainability does six sigma provide to the companies. The core research question to be addressed is what kind of sustainability is largely provided by S ix Sigma in multinational companies. The core question is supported by several secondary questions such as is it in terms of financial success, corporate social responsibility, market share or business? s repute for best practices? Does the core objective of Six Sigma is to bring financial success?How companies define sustainability and what do they want to achieve through Six Sigma? Purpose And Significance Of The Study The study is aimed to drill down into concept of sustainability provided by Six Sig ma. It is important to learn how quality management and advanced quality approaches are helping companies to improve their performance and efficiency. The study is a guideline for companies that have not ventured for Six Sigma. Many multinational companies such as IBM, Microsoft and Royal Dut ch Shell are using their customized quality approach (Schwandt and Marquardt, 2000).The study will ardently provide a basis of comparison between Six Sigma companies and customized quality approaches for future researc h. Moreover, it is significant from Six Sigma companies view point by looking into possible sustainability that Six Sigma can add to their businesses. Review Of The Literature A wide variety of literature is present which draws on Six Sigma, sustainabil ity and sustainability brought by Six Sigma in multinational companies in different perspectives. Six Sigma has a history of twenty four years and theorists have widely discussed its different aspects.The literature initially defines how Six Sigma works f or multinational companies and what the term sustainability ideally reflects. In later part, the literature reviews the sustainability actually brought by Six Sigma in companies and the core aim of adopting Six Sigma in different companies. Six Sigma For Quality Manag ement Six Sigma is highly effective implementation of proven quality principles and techniques. The approach works for virtually error free business performance. In Six Sigma, the company? s performance is measured by the sigma level of businesses process (Pyzdek and Keller, 2009).An approach focused on establishing world class performance bench marks provides road map for attaining zero error level. Apparently Six Sigma is associated with the enhancing quality of good and services, nevertheless, it brings efficiency and effectiveness in processes throughout the organization (Truscott, 2003). Six Sigma approach marvelously improves quality as it objectively looks into quality measurement. Henderson and Evans (2000) McCarty and Fisher (2007) stated that Six Sigma make measurement possible through its multi dimensional statistical model.The model is primarily focused on three aspects i -e sigma statistics, sigma measure and performance benchmark however no element specifically identif ies the le vel of sustainability (Truscott, 2009). Turscott (2009) further exemplifies the Six Sigma implementation by looking at following daily life examples: Process sigma value 2 3 4 5 6 Source: Truscott (2009) 8 Table 1: Six Sigma Implementation from Daily Life Expectation of Time without electricity 207 h 45 h 4h 9 min 8 sec Aircraft accidents 8 per 10 flights 24 per 100 flights 25 per 1000 flights 9 per 10,000 flights 12 per million flights 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Six Sigma works on principles of continuous improvement; Coronado and Antony (2002) resembles the Six Sigma as a loop which begins with defining the goals of improvement activity i -e benchmarking of quality services and leads to measuring of existing syste m. In Six Sigma, measuring the existing system is often termed as gap analysis (Antony, 2006). The next component of Six Sigma loop works with identifying the ways to remove the gap and i mproving the present system (Thareja, 2006).If Six Sigma loop stops at continuous improvement, it will more likely consider as total quality management (Khan, 2003). Sustainability The other core element of Six Sigma implementation is the sustainability which it brings to the organization. Generally understanding sustainability, sustainability is best defined by world commission on environment and development (1987) stating that sustainable development is development that meets the need of present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own n eeds.Fricker (1998) defined sustainability as vision of future that provides a road map while focusing on certain set of ethical and moral values which may guide the actions of an entity. Looking sustainability in details, it mainly focuses on three aspec ts i-e economic growth, social progress and environmental protection (Munier, 2006). Sustainability involves people, capital resources, natural resources, environme nt and institution. Fricker (1998) further added that sustainability is not merely an end result of processes rather it continuous seeking of quality behavior.An organization is said to be sustainable if its people are willing to bring a change and embrace the change ultimately leading toward sustainable organizational design (Shrivastava and Director, 1995). In an organizational perspective particularly, sustainability refers to the value addition from Six Sigma. The dimension of sustainability includes variation elimination, control on new processes, statistical controls, reduced complexity, precision, accuracy and effectiveness in business process (Giardina, 2006).An addition in traditional Six Sigma is lean Six Sigma which primarily focuses on improved process flow (Reiling, 2008). Due to difference of focus, the perspective for sustainability also varies. In Six Sigma, the sustainability refers to utmost standardization with zero defects whereas lean Six Sigma emphasize sustain ability as identification of value, defining value stream, determining flow, defining pull and improving process in every business function such as marketing, finance and management (Taghizadegan, 2006). Sustainability Achieved Through Six SigmaMultinational companies have adopted Six Sigma for variety of purposes however, the core goal was to attain financial sustainability through improved processes and better work flow (Poudlove, Moxham and Boaden, 2008) however, the financial success is achieved through multidimensional quality improvements (Mahadevan, 2010). General Motors reduced its disposal costs by $12 million through kanban system; an integral part of Six Sigma. Similar to this, Robins Air Force Base, C -130 paint shop reduced tools material and equipment by 39% and $373,800 in direct operating savings (Giardina, 2006). M was among few companies which initiated to adopt Six Sigma. 3M upgraded to lean Six Sigma and its purpose was to attain environmental stability. The comp any is pioneer in use of lean Six Sigma methods and tools to improve operations and quality. In first step, the company trained it s 100,000 employees for Six Sigma in order to attain the operational sustainability. 3M achieved multi facet results such as improvement in energy efficiency from 20% to 27% and reduction in waste index to net sales from 25% to 30%.All these achievements are aimed toward attaining environmental sustainability and operational sustainability. Till 2005, savings from the lean Six Sigma project was amounted to $1 billion which was made possible by reducing pollution, improving workflow, equipment redesign, process ramification and product reformulation (3M Lean Six-Sigma and Sustainability, 2010). Byrne (2007) also asserts that companies implement Six Sigma to drive the innovation. The first five years of lean Six Sigma helped many companies to improve their results such as attained by Caterpillar.Weber (2004) also quotes Caterpillar as achiever from Six Sig ma. In September 2004, Caterpillar was $20 billion Company and Caterpillar was aimed to increase the revenues by $10 billion in first decade of lean Six Sigma implementation. Weber (2004) contrasts with Byrne (2007) in the context that caterpillar wanted to attain the innovation  © 2011 The Clute Institute 9 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 sustainability. According to Weber (2004), caterpillar was focused on achieving financial stability. The company? top management has highlighted that Caterpillar management such as CEO has claimed that Six Sigma was the important contribution toward increase in sales of caterpillar. Six Sigma is also driving the continuous improvement culture in the company and business is gaining efficiency in all respects (Weber, 2004). Hilton (2008) identifies several companies such as Motorola, General Electric, Dell Computer, Dow Chemicals, Wal-Mart and Honeywell who implemented Six Sigma and attained measurable re sults. General electric saved $8 billion after mplementing Six Sigma in three years and Wall -Marts is looking for savings of $1 billion from lean Six Sigma (Leahy, 2000). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Study Design Decision to implement of Six Sigma comes from organizational leaders. Since every organization is unique and has its own requirements, therefore company? s internal management can determine the potential benefits to be achieved by the Six Sigma (Bertels, Rath & Strong, 2003). Defining objectives for the company and preparing employees to accept change occurred through Six Sigma is responsibility of top management and leaders.According to Pande (2003), Six Sigma lies in the vision of top management and only they can decide what sustainability they want from Six Sigma. On these grounds, the study seeks direct interaction with top management about sustainability desired from Six Sigma. The survey method provides researcher with an ease of open communication and allows sharing of idea s and thoughts. Surveys are considered best when opinion and ideas of people are important in shaping a conclusion (Groves, Fowler, Couper, Lepkowski and Eleanor, 2009). The study adopted cross section survey method as its core research methodology.In survey, interview tool was used to collect data directly from top management of multinational companies. Cross sectional survey are used to collect information at a single point in time and helps to establish the relationship between two entities (Babbie, 1990). Brief structured interviews were conduct ed to collect the data from participants. Participants Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Purposive sampling provides an opportunity to select participants on a specific criterion which fits to the purpose of study (Teddlie and Tashakkori, 2009).For present study, interviewees were selected on number of criteria such as listed below: ? ? ? The participants belong to a multinational company which has already implemented Six Sigma. The participant works on multinational on any key managerial position directly associated with decision making. Such participants include chief operating officers, chief executive officers, senior finance managers, chief information manager, information technology head, information technology specialist and senior management.Participant has been working in the organization before the Six Sigma was implemented in the company. Data Collection And Data Analysis Since it was difficult to visit such participants personally due to geographical constraints, int erviews were conducted on telephone where personal visit was not possible. After getting the list of multinational companies who have implemented the Six Sigma, the information tentative participants were collected using official websites and Chamber of Commerce websites. The contact information, permission and appointment for an interview were also obtained via telephone.The interviews could not be recorded as permission was not granted however; notes were taken during the interview and were later converted into text manually. The text was later analyzed using software Weft QDA and patterns were obtained. Constant comparison approach was used to compare the interview transcript and to obtain the patterns. According to Glaser and Strauss (1967), constant c omparison approach helps to develop a 10  © 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 theory about the phenomenon.The constant comparison is made through development of codes and subsequently, a theory is developed. The interviews were structured and comprised of 15 -20 twenty minute each. In all, forty two participants from different companies were interviewed. The participants includes senior finance managers, chief executive officers, IT managers, chief operating officers and in some cases directors of companies also. The participants companies include Maple Lead Foods, Pakistan Intern ational Airlines, Pakistan State Oil, Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, Deere and Company, Bank of Montreal, McGraw Hill Companies and Vodafone.Findings And Analysis Telephonic and face to face interviews were conducted to collect the data from participants. In all forty two participants were interviewed which included executives and managers. The stratification of participants on basis of their designation is provided below: Senior Finance Managers Chief Executive Officers IT Managers Chief Operating Officers Directors Total Table 2: Stratification of Participants on Designation Participants 12 7 14 5 4 42 %age Participation 29% 17% 33% 12% 10% 100% The interviews were brief and structured (Appendix A).Primarily the interviews were focused to know what type of sustainability motivates the multinational companies to invest in Six Sigma. Using the constant comparison approach, the interviews text was a nalyzed for patterns. Two level coding was performed using Weft QDA as the pu rpose was to find which type of sustainability is acquired through Six Sigma. Several codes were found which were emerged. Redundant codes were merged to derive constant flow of i nformation. Primary and secondary research questions are addressed through several themes discussed heere Core Objective Of Six SigmaSecondary research questions inquiring core objectives of Six Sigma were addressed through themes such as competition, zero defect level and financial success. As reflected by most of the, Six Sigma is implemented to stay competitive with other companies. Participants concluded that multinational companies needs to build corporate repute which increases their market share and Six Sigma is nowadays used as tool to reflect that company is taking endeavors for improving quality. This at first hands improves the competitive position of the company.Regional Finance Manager of Vodafone asserted that â€Å"The impacts of Six Sigma are long term and may be seen afterwards however; t he company instantly start attaining repute after implementation of advance quality model †. COO of Maple Lead Foods was also of the view that â€Å"To remain competitive in market, continuous improvement in every aspect is necessary. Six-Sigma is also aimed to help us in enhancement in our market image in eyes of competitors† Vice President (Finance) of Bank of Montreal endorsed the same by stating â€Å"Other larger banks have already implemented similar models which has raised customers’ expectation.We are aimed to attain better market position by implementing an optimal service quality model†. Second prevailing theme for core objectives of Six Sigma was quality improvement. â€Å" Six-Sigma really helps to improve quality, we can see the difference. Processes are now more efficient and speedy† stated by IT manager of Starwood Hotels. CEO of Pakistan International Airlines asserted that â€Å"The model has helped to stay efficient and had reduce d our effort in day to day activities. We are now more competent for offering quality solutions to our passengers and to our suppliers†.COO of Pakistan State Oil stated the fact â€Å"Six Sigma has reduce our effective time to market and we had a desire to attain so from this model implementa tion†.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 11 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Third objective as extracted from most of interviews was the ability of Six Sigma to improve financial position of the company. It is evolved from the interviews that almost all companies are highly profit oriented and Six Sigma is adopted as a tool to attain financial success. Most of the company? executives reflected that Six Sigma is not merely adopted for financial success however, the responses can be considered as attempt to act in socially desirable manner. Executives of large multinational companies may not always admit that their specific endeavor is merely fo r profits. Reflection about company? s high concern toward profits can harm its repute as socially responsible company (Stocke, 2003). CEO of Pakistan State Oil endorsed that † We understand Six-Sigma reduces material wastage and improves supply chain activities.Ultimately, it leads to overall cost reduction† . COO of Maple Leaf Foods also asserted that â€Å"Six-Sigma do cost to use however, we expect a positive return in terms of market repute ultimately translated in financial success†. Senior Vice President (Finance) of Deere and Company stated, â€Å"It is important to look all projects from financial perspective. We considered the cost and benefit analysis of Six Sigma as fundamental step for deciding on the project†. How Companies Understand Sustainability Secondary question pertaining to sustainability was explained with themes uch as financial stability, improvement in quality, optimal productivity, social responsibility, environmental protection a nd value addition to the company. The most prevalent theme emerged for sustainability is financial success and optimal productivity. As reflected by all participants, the primary meaning of sustainability is financial success and optimal produc tion with minimum defects. Multinational companies consider financial success as the foremost sustainability to be achieved through zero defect level.In opinion of CEO of Pakistan International Airline â€Å"A company can only be socially responsible when it is financial sustainable. For me, sustainability is the financial success which enables PIA to be sustainable in other areas too†. IT Manager of McGraw Hill Companies highlighted the fact that â€Å"when I think of sustainability, I think of higher financial return earned on investments of shareholders. Finance manger of John Deer and Company however, considered value addition as true sustainability by stating â€Å"We are sustainable when our products are able to generate value for our company†.Endorsed by director of Starwood Hotels, â€Å"We are sustainable when are able to offer highest with the lowest sources, this means Starwood is sustainable in terms of services and in its corporate framework†. The other prevalent theme about sustainability was environmental protection and corporate social responsibility. Director of Deere and Company defined sustainability as â€Å" We are sustainable when we are harmless to society and its stakeholders†. IT manager of Bank of Montreal highlighted the same fact â€Å"Sustainability is an attempt to be productive for the society and for its members†. Sustainability Attained Through Six SigmaThe literal meaning of sustainability identified by participants is different from the sustainability desired to be attained through Six Sigma. While analyzing the interviews, the most prevalent theme of sustainability attained through Six Sigma was zero defect level, optimal production and financial su ccess. The primary research questions of study i-e what kind of sustainability is largely provided by Six Sigma in multinational companies. The multinational companies mostly reflected that Six Sigma has helped them in improving production and services ultimately translated into financial success.The primary research question was aimed to find what kind of sustainability has actually been provided by implementing Six Sigma. This has further been identified by secondary research question about core aim of Six Sigma and understanding of sustainability by multinational companies. â€Å"Six Sigma has helped us achieve financial success† identified by CEO of Deere and Company. Further elaborated by CEO of Deere and Company, Six Sigma has helped us in improving human resource functions, customer services and low cost.Ultimately, all these types of sustainability are translated into financial success. â€Å"Our employee satisfaction has increases which have helped to reduce materia l wastage and become process efficient. Reduced employee turnover and reduced manufacturing cost. Due to Six -Sigma implementation has considerably helped out to increase financial viability†. Finance Manger of Vodafone highlights the sustainability achieved through implementation of Six Sigma â€Å"Vodafone market share has increased as well as its financial returns.Six-Sigma has offered us financial sustainability as well as market sustainability†. 12  © 2011 The Clute Institute Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 As revealed in the present study, Six Sigma sustainability bears a multifaceted concept for organizations. Sustainability is primarily offered by Six Sigma however, every company takes the Six Sigma fr om a different perspective. It is not only the perspective which differs, rather the organizations adopts several ways to reach to a single sustainable point which is common in all organizations.Organizations? understan ding of sustainability is contrasting with the requirements of Commission on Environment and Development (1987) definition of sustainability. Multinational organizations are working for material sustainability instead of focusing on developing sustainability for creating conductive environment for future changes (Ethier, 1986). Sustainability as defined by Shrivastava and Director (1995) has not been addressed by multinational companies in its fullest. Multinational organizations? ore aim to adopt Six Sigma was either to remain competitive with the other companies or to attain zero defect level along with financial sustainability. In addition, the sustainability is taken by multinational companies in terms of effectiveness in business process which are capable enough to be translated into fi nancial success (Giardina, 2006). The concept of Giardina (2006) and Taghizadegan (2006) are closely aligned and both fit to the present understanding of organizational sustainability to be achi eved through Six Sigma.Sustainability as identified by organizations holds multiple meaning and multinational organization use Six Sigma to escalate from one sustainability to other such as optimal production to higher market share and ultimately into financial success (Muneir 2006). Actual sustainability as reflected by 3M experience and Robins Air Force Base attained financial sustainability through Six Sigma. 3M saved $1 billion by implementing Six Sigma by the way of product reformulation, process ramification and equipment redesign (Giardina, 2006).Amalgamating secondary and prime research question about sustainability provided by Six Sigma, it is evident from the study that multinational companies are more concerned with multidimensional sustainability however; the financial sustainability is mostly desired sustainability. Multinational companies are focused on achieving financial stability using different sustainability routes such as value addition, process improvement, huma n resource process improvement and market sustainability. The financial sustainabili ty is the ultimate goal however, achieved through various type of sustainability.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Six Sigma is a multidimensional approach for improving process efficiency and attaining sustainability. Six Sigma has traditionally been adopted by multinational companies due to several reasons such as higher concern for quality, higher availability to resources and competitive business environment. Initially Six Sigma was introduced by Motorola however; soon it became an advance model for improvi ng quality. Larger companies such as 3M, Deere and Company, Caterpillar, Bank of America and McGraw Hill Companies are already sustainability through Six Sigma.The study has an aim to find what kind of sustainability is being obtained by implementation of Six Sigma. Several theorists have identified several types of sustainability few including process improvement, financial sustainability, market shar e, value addition, corporate reputation – all broadly covered under social repute, environment protection and economic growth. The study directly interacts with participants and adopts qualitative research methodology to address the subject matter. Under qualitative study, survey design and interview tools are used for making constant comparison analysis of all interviews.With constant comparison, several themes were emerged to address the primary and secondary research question. Primarily, Six Sigma is multifaceted and holds several aspects variably been considered by multinational companies. Organizations are less concerned with environment protection, moderately concerned with social repute such as competitive position in eyes o f competitors and highly concerned with economic growth. The economic growth widely covers financial returns attained through different routes such as increase in market share, economies of scale production, minimum input cost and low employee turn over.Mu ltinational companies? ultimate objective is to increase financial returns by identifying market share increase, customer base enhancement, zero defect level and competition as secondary objectives. For multinational companies, aim and sustainability of Si x Sigma varies as most of companies considers Six Sigma as a way to meet competition however, sustainability is associated with financial success. The combination of sustainability and Six Sigma ultimately translated into sustainable financial return which helps the company to increase its market competitiveness.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 13Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 Implications For Future Research Six Sigma is not a new issue nevertheless; the issue has mainly been addressed by developed counties. Mostly, the organizations that have implemented Six Sigma belong to developed nations. In few cases, companies of small underdeveloped countries have implemented Six Sigma and have reaped significant benefits from implementation of Six Sigma. The study identifies such companies and reflects on sustainability provided such as financial returns; markets share increase, environmental protection, zero defect level and o thers.In this way, it is a guide for small companies which have still not implemented Six Sigma considering it as an expensive way to quality. The study provides a guide to companies about the benefits attained through Six Sigma and serve as guidelines for companies who have not yet implemented Six Sigma. Present study is an initial research on sustainability provided to multinational companies. The study is under limited scope as it collects data from CEOs of only few companies. A large number of compa nies and their top executives are still untapped to describe several types of sustainability provided.In addition to this, sustainability with respect to industry and type of business can also be identified to customize the Six Sigma for speci fic businesses. The study is a subject measurement of sustainability generally drawn on all type nevertheless, leaving a significant margin to calculate financial sustainability provided to these companies. The study is a base for future studies as first step of id entification of top most sustainability provided by Six Sigma has been completed.The base study can be utilized for identification and statically measurement of market, financial, environmental and social sustainability provided. In addition, a comparison can be made between multinational and domestic or small vs. larger scale companies for the financial return improvement or customer base enhancement. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Dr. Abdullah AlSagheer is an Assistant Professor of Management at the e -School of Quality and Business Management at the Hamdan Bin Mohammed e-University. He is teaching undergraduate courses level such as TQM Implementation, Capstone Project.In addition, he is teaching graduate courses level such as Strat egic Management of Innovation and Technological change. Dr. AlSagheer has PhD in Education and Human Resource Studies specialized in Interdisciplinary Studies (Industrial and Human Recourse Management Engineering) and M. Ed Education and Human Resource Studies specialized in Interdisciplinary Studies (Industrial and Human Recourse Management Engineering) from Colorado State University (CSU). He received Master of Science in Electrical Engineering specialized in Integrated Systems & Strategic Project Management.His undergraduate degrees wer e Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering and a double major in Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from California State University Long Beach (CSULB). Dr. AlSagheer research focuses in strategic management, capstone courses, entrepreneurship and leadership, total quality management, ergonomics and human factor engineering, curriculum development, human resource management, management training, teamwork, innovation strategies, engin eering management, and industrial engineering. 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SAGE Publications Inc. Thareja P, 2006. A Total Quality Organization through People; Part 5, People as Change Agents? , Foundry, A Journal of Progressive Metal Casters, Vol. 18 No. 5, Sept/Oct. Truscott, W. 2003. Six sigma: continual improvement fo r business: a practical guide Referex Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp-15-35 Wiele, T. , Iwaarden, J. , and Power, D. 2010. „Six Sigma implementation in Ireland: the role of multinational firms? , International Journal of Qualit y & Reliability Management, Vol. 27 No. 9, pp- 1054 – 66.  © 2011 The Clute Institute 15 Journal of Business Case Studies – May/June 2011 Volume 7, Number 3 NOTES 16  © 2011 The Clute Institute