Heathrow: Terminal 5

Terminal 5 Heathrow London London Heathrow Terminal 5 Project Scope The plans for this project began as far back as 1982, where there was an on-going debate as to whether the aviation industry in the United Kingdom should expand through Heathrow Airport or Stansted Airport. The objective of the operation was to add a fifth passenger terminal to Heathrow to handle the tourism coming into London, also with the intentions of increasing the capacity of Heathrow Airport from 65 million people per year to 97 million people per year. Plans for the building of Terminal 5 began in 1988.The project was given a budget of under ? 4. 5 billion. The main stakeholders in this operation were Willy Walsh (CEO of British Airways at the time), and Tony Douglas (CEO of BAA at the time). Terminal Five was going to be made using the latest technology in order to make the airport experience much easier for the public, and also to keep up with the leading airports in the world. The public were originally ve ry strongly opposing the plans, with local people and local councils claiming it would cause more noise pollution, air pollution and traffic congestion in their area.The first design milestone for this project came in the late 1980's when architect Richard Rogers of ‘Richard Rogers Partnership Architecture Firm' was appointed with the task of designing the structure. British Airports Authority (BAA) officially announced a proposal to expand through building Terminal 5 at Heathrow in May of 1992. Terminal 5 had to fulfil a number of needs as an airport terminal, such as retail facilities, rail terminal, multi-storey car park, production lines etc. Project PlanThe development of Terminal 5 was an extremely time-consuming journey which started in the late 1980's when Richard Rogers Partnership was appointed with the task of designing the terminal. Planning applications were submitted in 1993, and a public enquiry was held from 1995 to 1999 to examine the every need of this new te rminal, and every aspect of the design of the structure that was about to be introduced. Eight years after the initial planning application, the transport minister had made the decision to grant planning permission on behalf of the British government.It was the longest public enquiry in UK history with legal costs reaching 80m pounds and contained over 700 building conditions. At the time Terminal 5 was the largest construction project in Europe and cost a staggering 4. 2bn. Phase one of the project included many systems of systems; it contains two main terminal satellites, car parks with over 4,000 spaces, major tunnelling and excavations, underground bagging system, road rail extensions, air traffic control tower, a hotel containing 600 bedrooms, 60 aircraft stands, as well as transit systems.The British Airports Authority felt they had to upgrade their airport to keep in competition with other main hub airports. Construction of the project went underway in the Summer of 2002 and was originally a five year plan. Five key stages were identified in the construction of Heathrow Terminal 5: * Site Preparation & Enabling Works * Ground Works * Major Structures * Fit Out Site Preparation and Enabling Works A major archaeology excavation took place on the Terminal 5 site, where there were over 80,000 artefacts found during the excavation.Also operations such as levelling the site, laying foundations, extensive tunnelling to cater for the large underground baggage and railway system that was to be put in place for the airport. Groundworks March 2005 also saw the completion of developed road infrastructure (internal airside roads). A new spur road off the M25 was also completed and opened in April 2008 in order to improve access to the terminal. Underground railroad tunnel connections between Heathrow express and Terminal 5 were finally completed in September 2004 after four and half months of tunnelling.Terminal 5 has six platforms, two of which are used for London Underground Piccadilly extension, two for the Heathrow express and the remaining two for additional extensions. The railway service was completed in March 2008. Major Structures Two satellite terminals were built to cater for 30 million extra passengers per year. Phase 1 of building these structures would account for 27 million passengers then a further 3 million on completion of Phase 2. Phase 2 was the further construction of a second satellite terminal neighbouring to the original Terminal 5 structure and was completed in June 2005.March 2005 was a pivotal point in the construction of Terminal 5; the air traffic control tower was fully erected and stood 87 meters tall, which makes it one of the largest in Europe. Fit Out Key elements of the fit out comprise of specific electronic systems. These electronic systems involve new check-in technology. It uses a face recognition system on arrival to reduce waiting time for boarding passengers. The service also includes the Rapid Transit System, which is a personal people mover carriage which links people from the car park to the main Terminal 5 building.It was completed in April 2011 and then opened to the public in September 2011. The baggage handling system is the largest of its kind in Europe and it has two main integrated systems; fast track and main baggage sorter. The systems were designed to handle more than 70,000 bags per day. Working Breakdown Structure Risks Capital Issues Many factors had to be taken into account upon undertaking the Heathrow Terminal 5 build. This at the time was Europe’s largest construction project in its history and was also the British Airport Authority (BAA) largest and most expensive project undertaken.This project would tie up much of BAA’s working capital (4. 3 Billion). Taking up all off this was a huge risk for BAA as any major cost overruns would severely break the budget and would lead to huge exposure to BAA as a company itself rendering them out of money an d needing extra finance. To overcome this BAA set out a new no blame culture Construction Risks The construction site of the Terminal posed huge risks to the project as it was determined the site would be built on an area of wetlands west of the original airport.The site was previously occupied by a sewage works and these wetlands had two main rivers running through them which would need to be relocated in order for any construction to go ahead. The two rivers – The Longford River and The Duke of Northumberland River. BAA came up with a twin Rivers Diversion Scheme to re route these rivers operating under strict time constraints established from the inquiry. The scheme achieved a Civil Engineering Environmental Quality (CEEQUAL) award for maintaining high environmental standards and quality during design and construction.Constraint Issues Being the largest free standing building ever to be built in Europe coupled with the fact that Heathrow had to be fully operational through out the construction project special cranes had to be custom built in order to erect the building while not interfering with air space and possibly causing havoc amongst the airport. Many constraints were also put on the builders, workers and architects of the project from the lengthy inquiry – one of the main issues being that only one access road would be allowed to service the site.This forced BAA to create and off site set up area where the pre fabrication was done for the project and then brought on site when needed. Costs We as a group believe that this project was extremely good value for money although it came in over budget by over â‚ ¬200. T2 received 3 accolades for its structure and design and scored exceptional high in areas of efficiency, cost, aesthetics and innovation. It has won these awards for its smooth operation’s during construction.Terminal 2 was over budget because it was seen as an investment for decades to come rather than a quick solution for an outdated airport. Terminal 2 was a key infrastructural venture, tourism decimated since the onset of the recession and that has had a significant impact on footfall at Dublin Airport. With its new technologies it lays the path for future prosperity and growth within the Irish tourism sector. We believe that the planning of the budget was the problem here and not enough consideration was taken into account about unforeseen circumstances – leading to the budget being hugely unrealistic.The Enabling works along with site logistics & phasing was originally budgeted at â‚ ¬5,925,000 but final cost turned out to be â‚ ¬9,135,000. The works & logistics involved diversion of utility services and the unplanned extensive reconstruction of Corbalis House a post medieval house dating back to the pre 1700’s. REFERENCE Upon reaching our judgement that T2 was a construction success we referred back to and compared Heathrow’s T5. DAA managed to build and Internatio nal Terminal with a final cost of â‚ ¬609 whereas it took BAA â‚ ¬4. Billion to service only double the amount of yearly passengers as Dublins T2. Below are some other stark comparisons where we believe T2 was a massive success as they managed to spend 7 x times less than BAA’s T5. ————————————————- | ————————————————- BAA T5| ————————————————- DAA T2| ————————————————- FINAL COST| ————————————————- â‚ ¬5. 3 BILLION| ————————————————- â‚ ¬609 MILLION| ———————————————— PASSENGERS PER ANNUM| ————————————————- 30 MILLION| ————————————————- 15 MILLION| ————————————————- SQ METRES| ————————————————- 350,000| ————————————————- 75 ,000| ————————————————- CONSTRUCTION LENGTH| ————————————————- 6 YEARS| ————————————————- 3 YEARS| ———————————————— NO. RETAIL OUTLETS| ————————————————- 112| ————————————————- 40| Terminal 2 Terminal 2 as a project in our group’s opinion was value for money, even though it came in at 200 million over budget it has r eceived 3 accolades for its structure and design and scored exceptional high in areas of efficiency, cost, aesthetics and innovation. It has won these awards for its smooth operation’s during construction. Terminal 2 was over budget because . t was seen as an investment for decades to come rather than a quick solution for an outdated airport. Terminal 2 was a key infrastructural venture, tourism decimated since the onset of the recession and that has had a significant impact on footfall at Dublin Airport. , with its new technologies it lays the path for future prosperity and growth within the Irish tourism sector. Bibliography * http://centrim. mis. brighton. ac. uk/research/projects/t5 * http://www. economist. com/node/4300209 * http://www. hacan. org. uk/resources/briefings/hacan. briefing. heathrow_terminal_5. pdf

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Studies On Job Satisfaction Education Essay

Job satisfaction is a province whereby an employee is content with the state of affairs around him/her. Satisfaction occurred when you get everything you desire from your work. The accomplishment of one desire to work leads to occupation satisfaction. The desire may be fiscal, prestigiousness, societal acknowledgment or merely to happen something to make or somewhere to travel, etc. Locke ( 1976 ) defined occupation satisfaction as a enjoyable emotional province ensuing from the perceptual experience of one ‘s occupation as carry throughing one ‘s of import occupation values, provided these values are compatible with one ‘s demands. www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" http: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4u-2.com/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-of-call-center-employees † -of-call-center-employees Bram Steijn ( 2000 ) cited ( Hackman & A ; Oldman 1980 ) that believed a higher occupation satisfaction is associated with increased productiveness, lower absenteeism and lower employee turnover. A batch of research or surveies had been carried out on occupation satisfaction. Many of them are carried out to set up the degree of occupation satisfaction among a group of employees or a profession, many establishes the relationship between occupation satisfaction and concepts like committedness to work, motive at work, managerial attacks, productiveness etc. This chapter will discourse the strengths and failings of many of these surveies and besides highlight how this present research will lend to them.2:1Job satisfaction among the professionalsRoberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. They made usage of an first-class occupation satisfaction graduated table called the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires to roll up the information from the 240 samples around the state, 138 questionnaires were returned among which merely 31 % were immature employees. The one – manner analysis plus station hoc which were perfect were used to analyse the information. The per centum of the immature employees used for the analysis was low. In these present surveies 100 % of the samples will be immature employees in order to set up the factors impacting occupation satisfa ction among them. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-at hletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-amon g-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments The findings or the consequences of analysis found that there is important difference ( P less than 0.05 ) in trainers ‘ occupation satisfaction and their assorted employment places. While those in high/upper place ( which assume to be among the old employees ) were most satisfied with their occupations, those in low station were non and these are chiefly the helper trainers and alumnus helper ( chiefly immature employees ) . Even though the survey did non advert the theory used, it was established that the older trainers experience greater occupation satisfaction than immature trainers. This present survey will see utilizing some established theories to buttress its findings. The above survey was supported by K. Chandraiah et Al ( 2003 ) ‘s survey that investigated the consequence of Age on Occupational emphasis and occupation satisfaction among directors of different age groups. They made usage of the Occupational Stress Index and Job Descriptive Index to garner informations from the 105 samples out of which 35 were immature employees. One of the consequences of the findings found that the immature employees/managers are more nerve-racking due to the burden of work and thereby occupation unsated. hypertext transfer protocol: //medind.nic.in/iay/t03/i2/iayt03i2p6.pdf. The graduated tables used were good, the samples were good selected in and around Calcutta metropolis but the figure of the immature employees involved were few. This research aims to concentrate on the immature employees who happen to be the future strength of any administration. Patrick & A ; Manuel, ( 2007 ) besides supported the above in their survey that investigated occupation satisfaction among rehearsing pharmaceutics. They made usage of Rasch Rating Scale Model, gathered informations from 5000 samples throughout the United States but eventually made usage of 840 for the intent of informations analysis. One of their findings which I am really much interested in found that the older, higher-wage earning druggists working at independency pattern sites experience greater sum of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/vol5num4/pdf/hardigan.pdf.This meant that the immature pharmacists/employees in this survey were less occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al, ( 2005 ) investigated occupation satisfaction of primary wellness attention doctor at capital wellness part discovered that age affect occupation satisfaction and that the higher the age the higher the occupation satisfaction. This consequence indicated that the immature employees are non occupation satisfied. Ibrahim et Al ( 2005 ) did a really good occupation but the Numberss of immature employees used were few. This survey will utilize 100 % of immature employees as its samples. www.HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † mejfm.comHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † journalHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mejfm.com/journal/July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pdf † /July05/PDFs/JobSatisfaction.pd f Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) made usage of bottom-up theory as on one of the theories and questionnaires with high dependability and cogency values in their study of occupation satisfaction of recent alumnuss in fiscal service. One of the consequences of the findings indicated that alumnuss were reasonably satisfied with their occupations and non highly satisfied. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. The usage of immature alumnuss which I can sort as immature employees was first-class but the survey focused on a peculiar professional. This survey will do usage of the bottom-up theory as they did but will include immature employees from other professional Fieldss such as instruction, nursing, call centre, attention workers, conveyance etc. A.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) evaluated the occupation satisfaction degree of Nigeria radiographers working in the South-Eastern, Nigeria. Using 28 item self-completion questionnaires and subsequently analysed the informations with Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) , concluded that Nigeria radiographer working in the South – Eastern are non occupation satisfied with their occupation and would prefer another occupation if given a pick. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf † .com/ejsr_39_3_13.pdf Susan J Linz ( 2002 ) analyzed the nature and range of occupation satisfaction among the Russian workers. The survey was in four different creases, among them was the usage of study informations to place degree of occupation satisfaction by 1200 study participant ; look into the fluctuation in occupation satisfaction explained by differences in worker features e.g. age. Sexual activity. Her findings found that respondents were by and large satisfied with their ain occupation and the sort of work they do in their occupation. It was besides revealed that the older workers ( born before 1965 ) were significantly more satisfied with their occupation and work more than immature workers and older workers besides thought less often about discontinuing. The concentration will be on the immature employees in this survey and will affect merely those in the metropolis. hypertext transfer protocol: //HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf † deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39852/3/wp468.pdf. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) investigate the degree of occupation satisfaction and purpose to go forth among Malayan nurses. The consequences of the survey found that the nurses were reasonably satisfied with their occupation in all six aspects of occupation satisfaction i.e. satisfaction with supervisors, occupation assortment, closing, compensation, co- workers and HRM/ direction policies. They besides found that the nurses perceived a lower degree of purpose to go forth. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf In support of the above research and some others, Bram Steijn ( 2002 ) cited Reiner and Zhao ( 1999 ) who reported merely a important consequence of age and Ting ( 1997 ) who reported assorted consequences with important effects for age and race but non for instruction and gender. hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † HRMHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //soc.kuleuven.be/io/egpa/HRM/potsdam/steijn.pdf † /potsdam/steijn.pdf Contrary to the above findings and some others Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) observed a non-linear relationship between age and the four steps of occupation satisfaction. This non-linearity showed a U- shaped relationship. Sariye Gaziolu and Aysit Tansel ( 2002 ) cited the survey of Clarks ( 1996 ) and Clarks et Al ( 1996 ) that besides reported significantly U shaped form in age for several occupation satisfaction steps. www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) conducted a survey to mensurate the general and facet specific occupation satisfaction of the caput instructors and the influence of gender and school location on their occupation satisfaction. They made usage of Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaires ( MSQ ) and self developed Individual Data Sheet ( IDS ) to roll up informations from the respondents. Using the SPSS-10, the findings of the survey showed that ; caput instructors were by and large satisfied with their stations ; the female caput instructors were more satisfied that the male caput instructors and that the caput instructors located in the urban countries were more satisfied than those located in the rural countries. This survey will set up among other things the relationship between the occupation satisfaction and metropolis life utilizing 100 % of metropolis based immature employees. www.usindh.edu.pk/suje/ †¦ /Issue % 202007†¦ /Dr_Umar_Ali.pdf2:2Job satisfaction in relation to other conceptsMany research plants had been done to set up the relationship between the occupation satisfactions and other concepts such as organizational committedness, life satisfaction, compensation, managerial manners, wor king status, personality, etc.2:2:1 Organizational committednessStranglen ( 2009 ) defined an organisational committedness as how employee identifies him/herself with the organisation. L.K. Stranglen ( 2009 ) carried out a research to find whether occupation satisfaction correlates with organizational committedness. 76 nursing place foodservice employees were the participants. Job satisfaction and organizational committedness study were used to roll up the information. The findings of the research indicated that satisfaction with work itself correlates to organizational committedness and to other three subcategories: organizational designation, engagement in the administration and trueness. Harmonizing to the survey, satisfaction with work did non correlate with satisfaction with wage, benefit or operational processs. It was besides found that the old ages employed did non correlate with designation, engagement or trueness for the organizational committedness study. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited the survey of Sneed and Herman ( 1990 ) that found hospital nutrient service employees 29 old ages old and younger were less committed to the organisation than were employees over 30 old ages. Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides cited Shen, Pitt-Catsouphes and Smyer ( 2007 ) , they reported that older employees are more likely to describe high committedness to employer than either immature employees or employees at the mid – life. . www.minds.winsconsin.edu Stranglen ( 2009 ) besides indicated that immature employees scored lower on trueness which was one facet of committedness. Stranglen ( 2009 ) cited Feinstein and Vondrasek ( 2001 ) who found that employees could be more committed to the organisation by increasing compensation, working conditions and bettering policies. All the above research plants indicated that immature employees have less organisational committedness. This I think may be as a consequence of occupation dissatisfaction. This survey will look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees and besides analyses the possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life, managerial attacks and chance gained at work. The survey will do usage of 100 % immature employees as the participants. Adeyinka, et Al ( 2007 ) investigated work motive, occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness of library forces in academic and research libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria. They used a modified questionnaire tagged â€Å" Work motive, Job satisfaction and Commitment ( WMJSCS ) to roll up the information from 200 library forces. The instrument consisted of 3 parts viz. motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness. The consequences of the survey found that there is a correlativity between perceived motive, occupation satisfaction and committedness although the correlativity between motive and committedness was negative. In other instance, motive is seen as an ingredient that increases employees ‘ public presentation and occupation satisfaction. The findings besides confirmed that there is a relationship between the organisation committedness and occupation satisfaction. This indicated that those employees who are occupation satisfied may be committed to the organisation. www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/tella2.pdf2:2:2Life satisfactionAndrew J Wefald et Al ( 2008 ) studied the relationship of life and occupation satisfaction to emerging attitude, utilizing 532 participants of 62 % males and 37 % females. They made used of ego developed questionnaires and many others studies such as Life Satisfaction ( Diener, Emmons, Larsen & A ; Griffing, 1985 ) . The survey found a correlativity between life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction was important at 0.36 ( P less than 0.01 ) . Their hierarchal arrested development analysis revealed that, after commanding for demographic variables, occupation attitude predicted both life satisfaction and occupation satisfaction nevertheless the relationship was stronger for occupation satisf action. www.midwestacademy.org/Proceedings/ †¦ /Wefald, Smith, etal_33.pdf. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and metropolis life among the immature employees.2:2:3Training and Workplace public presentationMelanie K. Jones et Al ( 2008 ) in their paper analysed the relationship between preparation, occupation satisfaction and workplace public presentation utilizing the British 2004 Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS ) found that workers who receive really short sum of preparation ( less than one twenty-four hours ) in the old twelvemonth are really less satisfied on several dimensions than those who received no preparation at all. They besides considered an interaction between age and preparation and discovered a important aˆÂ ¦. ? ? ? for workers in their mid-thirtiess. The interaction footings used were besides important for those whose term of office is either 2 or less than 5 or 5 to less than 10 old ages. This survey will analyze a possible correlativity between occupation satisfaction and cha nce ( developing, pay etc ) gained from the occupation among the immature employees http: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf. Melanie K. Jones et.al ( 2008 ) cited the survey of Siebern-Thomas ( 2005 ) , who found that occupation satisfaction tended to be greater where there was handiness of work preparation. Besides cited Hersch ( 1991 ) , he found that over educated workers were less satisfied than adequately educated workers. hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.orgHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † dp3677HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp3677.pdf † .pdf2:2:4Job emphasisNilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) investigated the relationship between occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia ; the purpose of the survey was to place stressor issues that will act upon the academy staffs ‘ occupation satisfaction. They made usage of 300 respondents from the public university in Klang Valley and besides use transver se – sectional analysis, descriptive analysis and arrested development analysis to analyze the information collected. The followers are some of the findings of the study- there was a relationship between direction function and occupation emphasis ; the association between relationship with others and occupation emphasis was non important ; the relationship between function ambiguity and occupation emphasis is important ; the relationship between the occupation emphasis and occupation satisfaction is important. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf Nilufar Ahsan, et Al ( 2009 ) cited the UK survey of ( Townley 2000 ) that indicated that the bulk of the workers were unhappy with the current civilization where they were required to work drawn-out hours and header with big work loads while at the same time run intoing production marks and deadlines. They besides cited ( Alexandros-Stamatios et Al, ( 2003 ) that concluded that direction function of an administration is one of the facets that affect work related emphasis among workers. www.euroHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † journalsHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eurojournals.com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf † .com/ejss_8_1_11.pdf2:2:5Individual and occupation related factorsSariye Gaziolu and Aysit ( 2002 ) observed the occupation satisfaction in Britain sing single and occupation related factors. The four steps of occupation satisfaction considered were ; satisfaction with influence over occupation, satis faction with the sum of wage, satisfaction with sense of accomplishment and occupation satisfaction with regard from supervisors. The paper analysed the above steps of occupation satisfaction utilizing a information of 28240 British employees Workplace Employee Relations Survey ( WERS97 ) and investigated their relationship to single and occupation features. The findings of the survey indicated that adult females were more satisfied with assorted facets of their occupation compared to work forces. They besides observed that satisfaction with the sense of accomplishment and satisfaction with regard from the supervisor reached a lower limit at the ages of 22 and 28 old ages severally. They observed that those with higher degrees of instruction have lower satisfaction than those with low degree of instruction. They besides observed that developing chance in the past twelvemonth led to occupation satisfaction as compared to no preparation. A non-linear relationship between constitution size and the four steps of satisfaction was besides observed.www.erc.metu.edu.tr/menu/series03/0303.pdf2:2:6PersonalityJennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) evaluated how personality and occupation satisfaction affect occupation public presentation in employees at a Central Wisconsin fire section. The chief aim of her survey was to see if there was any relationship betw een occupation public presentation, personality and occupation satisfaction. Among other graduated tables used were Cattell ‘s 16 Personality Factors and the participants were all the 38 fire combatants in a local fire section. She found that most of the employees were by and large satisfied with the occupation, work on present occupation and people on present occupation. The survey besides pointed out that most of the employees were unsated with wage, supervising and chance for publicity. The consequences of the 16 Personality Factors graduated table used indicated Warmth and Sensitivity factor as the lowest while the highest mean was found for the Self-Reliance factor. Job satisfaction was positively correlated with the personality factors of animation, leading possible and self-esteem but was negatively correlated with laterality, tenseness and independency. Jennifer S. Skibba ( 2002 ) cited Abraham ( 2000 ) that found that personality cynicism was the best forecaster of occupation satisfaction. hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2002/2002skibbaj.pdf Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) cited Purani and Sahadev ( 2007 ) who argued that while issues like supervisory behavior and compensation signifier a portion of the micro issues sing a gross revenues individual ‘s battle with the organisation, the overall policies and schemes sing the forces is associated with a macro position with respect to the individual ‘s rating of the organisation. Muhammad Masroor Alam and Jmilha Fakir Mohammmad ( 2009 ) saw compensation as one of the most extrinsic indexs of occupation satisfaction and argued that this dimension determines the degree of occupation satisfaction of employees by cognizing how much they are satisfied with the wage or compensation or any other security their occupations have provided to them. They cited Churchill et Al ( 1974 ) that considered compensation as one among the dimensions of occupation satisfaction among gross revenues people. www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/ †¦ /Article_10.pdf2:3:0JOB SATISFACTION – Theory2:3:1Bottom-up theory and the top-down theory.Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) conducted a research to explicate how two societal theories compete to explicate what determines occupation satisfaction: the â€Å" bottom-up theory † and the â€Å" top-down † theory. The bottom-up theory fundamentally indicates that individuals have desires and they will be glad if their desires are met or satisfied. The sum of positive and negative effects is used to set up felicity. www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm. If the positive effects are larger than the negative effects, persons will judge their life as happy. Sharon and Zhan, ( 2003 ) explained that top-down theory indicates that there is â€Å" a planetary leaning to see things in a positive manner. † In other words, all persons have a desire to be happy and this attitude will be the major influence on their lives. Therefore, feelings about occupation satisfaction are generated in one of two ways: from the underside up by adding positive effects and deducting negative 1s, or from the top down by the diffusion of one ‘s desire to be happy. ( Sharon and Zhan, 2003 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030522ar01p1.htm2:3:2Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of NeedsStranglend ( 2009 ) cited and explained Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs as the theory that is based on a hierarchy of demands. Besides cited Bor, Kraft and Sjunnesson, 2007 ) that indicated that the theory can be showed as a pyramid that has five degree s get downing from physiological, safety, love/belonging, regard and so self-actualisation which are grouped as lack demands. Maslow believed that to actuate an single he/she must run into the basic demands of nutrient, shelter and heat, and so travel to the following degree until he/she reached the highest degree self-actualisation, a degree where one purses interior endowment, creativeness and seeks fulfillment. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:3Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) , besides Herzberg ‘s Two – Factor Theory that was developed by Frederick Herzberg. The theory suggested Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction are influences upon employees from two factors known as Incentives ( intrinsic factors ) and Hygiene ( extrinsic factors ) . ( Allen, 1998 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.imdb.com/title/tt0120533/ . The factors affect motive at workplace. It was further explained that Dissatisfaction is related to fortunes near to the work environment such as working conditions, security, wages, quality of supervising and relationship with colleagues instead than from the occupation itself. Deficiency of any of these conditions could do dissatisfaction but has small consequence on long-run satisfaction. These factors are referred to as hygiene or care factors by Herzberg. Satisfaction is the relationship to the occupation itself or aspect from it. This includes the nature of occupation, acknowledgment, accomplishment, personal growing and promotion. Herzberg regards them as incentives. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:4Locke ‘s Value TheoryStranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited and explained Locke ‘s Value Theory. A portion of the theory indicated that satisfaction is achieved when occupation consequences the employees receive matche those results they desire. It besides indicated that the more consequences people value and receive from the occupation, the more they are satisfied and frailty versa. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) who stated that the chief intent of Locke ‘s theory is understanding the disagreement between what one desires in a occupation and what one has in a occupation that affects satisfaction. For illustration, if one desires to be recognised in a occupation and that same employee received acknowledgment, he/she will be satisfied. If such an employee was non recognised, he/she may be dissatisfied. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:5Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory emphasised that employees are motivated to make their occupations when they achieve what they want or really expected from the occupation. It besides explains the function of motive in the overall work environment. Stranglend ( 2009 ) besides cited ( Greenberg and Baron, 1977 ) who stated that an of import portion of anticipation theory is motive coupled with an employee ‘s expertness and capablenesss, function perceptual experience and chance which influence occupation public presentation. There are managerial methods of anticipation theory that can assist to actuate employees. Harmonizing to them, good directors will inform the employee what is expected from and will assist them to make the coveted degree of public presentation. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:6Equity theoryA.O. Okaro et Al ( 2010 ) cited the equity theory which views motive as reliant upon the demand for just intervention ( Porter, 1961 ) and the end or purpose theory which postulates that public presentation is determine by the end to which an employee is committed ( Vroom, 1964 ) Stranglend ( 2009 ) the theory explains that the employee is satisfied if the input ( disputing work, making ) is equal to the end products ( wages, benefits ) . This is what it ‘s referred to as equality. www.minds.winsconsin.edu.2:3:7Job Characteristic ModelRajah ( 2009 ) cited Hackman and Oldham that proposed the Job Characteristic Model, which states that there are five core occupation characteristic which impact three critical psychological provinces. The five nucleus occupation characteristic accomplishments assortment, undertaking individuality, undertaking significance, liberty and feedback. All these are combined together to organize a motivative possible mark. The three critical psychological provinces are experient meaningfulness, experient duty for results and cognition of the existent consequences. All these influence work outcomes ( occupation satisfaction, absenteeism, etc ) . ( Rajah, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slideshare.net/roadies_virus/job-sat isfaction-18814812:4:0Job satisfaction – The graduated tablesIn mensurating occupation satisfaction of the employees, the most common agencies of informations aggregation is Likert Scale. Others are yes/no inquiries, true/false inquiries, points systems, checklist, and forces pick replies. ( Rajah, 2009 ) The major and common graduated tables used for mensurating occupation satisfaction apart from the ego developed questionnaires are:2:4:1The occupation descriptive index ( JDI ) :Stranglen ( 2009 ) explained that the graduated table or questionnaire is based on yes, no or a inquiry grade replies. The inquiries are based on how satisfied the employees are about their occupations and non on how they feel about it. The scale consists of five aspects of occupation satisfaction which are ; satisfaction with colleagues, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the wage, satisfaction with the chance for publicity and satisfaction with supervising. ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) as cited by Stranglen ( 2009 ) . Many research workers had made usage of this graduated table. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. This survey will do usage of this graduated table to look into the factors that really act upon occupation satisfaction among metropolis based immature employees.2:4:2The Minnesota satisfaction questionnaires ( MSQ )Strangled ( 2009 ) explained MSQ as a graduated table that is developed into two signifiers. The short signifier that contains 20 points step overall satisfaction. The long signifier contains one hundred points and steps 20 aspects. Harmonizing to ( Greenberg and Baron, 1997 ) in ( Strangled, 2009 ) , the graduated tables allow the employees to rate their dissatisfaction to satisfaction about assorted facets of aspects of the occupation. Besides harmonizing to them, the higher the mark on the Likert scale the higher the satisfaction. www.minds.winsconsin.edu. MSQ have been used by tonss of research workers. For illustration, Safdar Rehman Gehazi and Umar Ali Khan ( 2007 ) cited McCann ( 2001 ) who made usage of MSQ in his survey to mensurate the occupation satisfaction of managers in California and Dutka ( 2002 ) besides use the same questionnaires in his survey on occupation satisfaction and organisational clime relationship for female decision makers of higher instruction establishment. Roberto & A ; Jon, ( 2003 ) besides made usage MSQ to analysed the degree of occupation satisfaction by certified athletic trainers in selected National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I-AA establishment holding football programmes. www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † jobHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † satisfactionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protoco l: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † amongHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † athleticHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † trainersHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pr otocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † ncaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † divisionHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † iaaHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † -HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer pro tocol: //www.thesportjournal.org/ †¦ /job-satisfaction-among-athletic-trainers-ncaa-division-iaa-institutions † establishments2:4:3The occupation satisfaction study ( JSS )This graduated table was originally developed by Paul Spector ( Field, 2002 ) cited by Strangled ( 2009 ) to measure occupation satisfaction for the human service organisations. It has 36 inquiries based on a Likert graduated table with nine aspects that assess attitudes and facet of the occupation. There are four points within each of the nine aspects. Some of the inquiries in the graduated table demand to be rearward when marking. Richard A. Murray ( 1994 ) made usage of somewhat modified version of JSS to look into occupation satisfaction of professional and paraprofessional library staff at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.2:4:4The occupation diagnostic study ( JDS )Siti Zawiah Dawal and Zahari Taha ( 2006 ) made usage of the JDS to look into the relationship between occupation satisfaction, occupation characteristic and environmental factors that affect work design in two automotive fabrication companies in Malaysia. www.penerbit.utm.my/onlinejournal/44/A/JTJun44A5.pdf

Audience Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Audience Analysis - Essay Example Actually, according to the American Red Cross young people constitute of about 20% of the nation’s blood donation (2014, para. 2). This implies that it is the role of all people to regularly donate blood in a bid to improve the health sector of our country. Every once in while, everyone encounters situations that require blood. This may be personal or someone we know. This implies that blood donation may be viewed as an investment for future use either by our own selves or other people. There are cases where people donate blood for their own future use but it is also important to donate blood freely and leave it open for everyone’s use. Most emergencies needing blood are accident related. Evidence has it that most blood donations are made during times of disasters (Baum, 1997, p.568). However, since we do not have control over accidents and we do not know when they will happen, the only thing we can do is to prepare adequately for when they occur. Donating blood can be considered one of the most effective ways to prepare for accidents. In addition to helping other people, donating blood also has many benefits in our health. For instance, researchers argue that people who donate blood regularly have an extremely low chance of getting heart related complications such as heart attacks (Medical West, 2014, para. 3-6). This implies that donating blood can be advantageous to us not only in cases of accidents or other illnesses but also in our normal daily routines. Reduced chances of getting heart related diseases can be attributed to the fact that regularly donating blood reduces iron levels in the body system. This is important in preventing iron concentration in the arteries hence reducing chances of getting heart attacks. Heart conditions are most prevalent among the older people and therefore blood donation can help reduce the risks even to much older

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis Essay

Managerial Economic and Quantitative Analysis - Essay Example Thomas & Maurice, 2007). So in order to obtain the profit equation, total cost equation is subtracted from the total revenue equation (that is, profit = total revenue – total cost). However, from the equations given, there is no total cost and total revenue function. In order to obtain a total revenue function of the two firms, the demand function of each firm is integrated, and in order to obtain the total cost of each firm, the average cost function of each firm is integrated. After obtaining the total revenue and total cost functions, it is now possible to obtain the profit function. Economists argue that profits are maximized where total cost balances total revenue. So in order to obtain optimal price and output of each firm working individually, the total cost function is equated to the total revenue function (R. Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). This helps in obtaining the optimal output and price. Optimal price and output may also be obtained through differentiating t he profit function of each firm and equating it to zero, and then solving for the values of price and output. Consider the second case, where the two companies work together. ... Thomas, C. Thomas & Maurice, 2007). Part Two Estimation of the price per plane The estimated price per plane is as follows. price per plane (million $) probability Estimated price per plane (million $) 125 0.25 500 175 0.25 700 225 0.5 450 Optimal output and price when the firms act individually Airbus optimal price and output Airbus demand function is P = 500 – 0.0003Q. From this demand function, the total revenue function derived by integrating the demand function is TR = 500Q – 0.0003Q2. Airbus has the following Average cost function; AVC = 104.8822Q – 0.001Q2 + 0.09 Q3. By integrating this average cost function, a total cost function is obtained; TC = 104.8822Q2 – 0.001Q3 + 0.09Q4. In order to determine the optimum quantity and price the profit function is obtained first and then differentiated with respect to output. The profit function obtained is 500Q – 104.8825Q2 + 0.001Q3 – 0.09Q4. Differentiating this profit function and solving for the value of Q yields the value of Q as 500 M. Hence, substituting the value of Q in the original demand function, the value of P obtained is $ 499.85 M. thus; the optimal values of price and output are $ 499.85 Million and 500 million respectively. Boeing Optimal Output and Price The demand function of the firm is P = 700 – 0.00013Q. The total revenue function obtained through integration of the demand function is TR = 700Q – 0.00013Q2. The Average cost function of the firm is AVC = 25.8678Q – 0.00023Q2 + 0.4Q3. Integration of this function yields TR = 25.8678Q2 – 0.00023Q3 + 0.4Q4. From the total revenue and total cost functions, the following profit function is obtained, which is then differentiated and equated to zero in order to obtain the value of Q that is

Homeless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homeless - Essay Example s that it will help solve issues experienced by these people, it will decrease crime rate and lack of homeless individuals will portray a positive image of the government. One of the main reason due to which people have fallen in the category of homeless is that they have lost their jobs due to economic crises. Due to this loss of jobs, individuals who are homeless have no place to attain shelter to sleep, they have no money to buy food and wear clean healthy clothes. If government assists these individuals, they will be able to solve these problems. When individuals fail to make a living due to loss of job and if they continue to be unemployed, they resort to criminal behavior in order to earn money. This can lead to a very negative image of US as this will lead to increased crime rate. If government aids such people, they will not have to look for such options and therefore the crime rate will remain low. Many people are roaming on the street with torn clothes and with play cards in their hands through which they are asking for employment and assistance for the fulfillment of their necessities. This destroys the image of the country and the governme nt. If homeless people are assisted, they will not need to conduct such activities and the image of the nation will be preserved. One of the major downside of assisting homeless people through government funds is that such help may make the homeless people dependant on government provided relief and they may not make efforts to gain employment. A major issue experienced by the government of US is that it is experiencing a budget deficit and if they continue to provide help to homeless people, this will increase the burden on government’s treasury. If the government assists homeless people, others who are already on their jobs and are not homeless will see such assistance as easy money and might quit their jobs in order to attain such welfare benefits. United States is experiencing an increase in number of homeless

Contemporary Mathematics DB 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Mathematics DB 2 - Essay Example corporation for the year ended December 31, 2005 was very high at $3,372,065 while the net income for the year ended Dec 31, 2004 was lower at $3,235,851 while the lowest net income occurred in the year ended December 31, 2003 at only $2,752,233. All the above Abbott Amounts are in thousands of United States Dollars. For the company Bank of America, the net income for the year ended December 31, 2005 was very high at $16,465,000 while the net income for the year ended December 31, 2004 was lower at $14,143,000 and the lowest net income occurred in the year ended December 31, 2003 at $10,810. All amounts above are recorded in thousands of United States Dollars. For the company Cola Cola, the net income for the year ended December 31, 2005 was $4,872,000 while the net income for the prior year ended December 31, 2004 is $4,847,000 while the net income for the earlier year ended December 31, 2003 is only at $4,347,000. All the above amounts are in thousands of United States

Theory Analysis - Watson's Theory of Human Care Research Paper

Theory Analysis - Watson's Theory of Human Care - Research Paper Example History The Watson’s Theory of Human Care had started taking its form through the evolution of philosophies of Dr. Jean Watson. In 1979 she gave the concept of 10 carative factors of nursing. Since then her theories have undergone several changes, though the salient framework of the theories have remained consistent. The factors mentioned above were based on philosophy, science and the art of caring. Later the concept developed into the idea of clinical caritas meaning the cherishing and appreciating the job and mixed love with the idea of nursing. The concepts were reviewed by the author from time to time in 1985 and again in 1988. She also emphasized on the development of interpersonal help and trust and relationship of care. In 1999 Watson developed the Transpersonal Caring Relation. In this theory she highlighted the potential of the connection that the nurse can establish to care and heal the patient. She also speaks of the subjective concern of the nurse for the patient (Cara, n.d.; Alligood, Marriner-Tomey, 2006, 103-104). Meaning Watson in his Theory of Human Care has emphasized on the connection of the nurse with the patient to build a relationship based on care. For a nurse, she has emphasized on a few qualities like the inclination of the nurse to acknowledge the importance of the patient, the capacity of the nurse to establish a spiritual connection with the patient so that she can feel an union with her patient and to give her patient a comfort to so that his inner healing is promoted. The theory is based on the love and compassion of the nurse. However she has pointed that in the healing process the primary agent is the patient himself and the nurse is a copartner. She has emphasized on a number of factors for the healing of the patient. They are the humane and the altruistic values, the faith and hope of oneself, sensitiveness to others as well as oneself, a relation based on help and trust, free expression of positive and negative emotion s, a creativity to solve the problems in the caring process, transpersonal gains through mutual teaching and learning. The other factors that she has outlines are a social and spiritual environment that supports and protects the patient’s ability to heal the physical and mental state. The factors are based on spiritual as well as existentialist and phenomenological powers (Watson, 1999, p 73 – 75; Butts, Rich, 2010, p 286-287). Use Watson gives an outline of the ethics and morale associated with learning. According to Cara (n.d.) the profession of nursing is slowly losing its goal of caring for the patients and Watson’s theory tries to reinstate that fact. Moreover she emphasizes on the powers of the soul of the patient to help in the healing process and gives a direction to the nurses assist the patient in this process of healing. In this way Watson gives subjectivity to the profession on nursing based on caring that can be applied by all the nurses (Alligood, & Marriner-Tomey, 2006, 103-114; Cara, n.d.). Logical Adequacy In the theory Watson outlines the discipline of nursing based on philosophy. Here the subjective choices of the nurse and the ontological capabilities are of extreme importance. Watson does not denounce the capability of medicines or doctors for the healing of the patient. However she emphasizes the role a nurse can play to help the process. Therefore Watson’s theory of Human Care cannot be refuted based on logical derivations. Generalizabilty Watson’

Global Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Expansion - Essay Example There has been a considerable growth in globalization in the last decade. Trade and investments across borders have increased greatly that has helped shaping the economies of various nations. It has become highly important for organizations to remain transparent, comparable and reliable in terms of providing financial information. Globalization impacts international accounting in terms of the flow of capital. This increases issues relating to harmonizing global standards. Moreover, globalization has helped emerging economies such as, that of India and China, to participate in the global economy. This further increases the flow of capital as economic opportunities are developed. Maintaining adequate accounting records becomes a challenge for most organizations due to the conflicting accounting policies of the different nations and of regulatory authority. The requirement of universally acceptable rules in respect of accounting becomes essential. In general multinational firms follow t he IFRS principles. Considerable efforts are taken by different regulatory authorities to reduce the gap between the IFRS principles and the accounting regulations imposed by different nations and the US GAAP. Research questions are the identification of the main motive behind a research and what a researcher expects to learn from the same. Research questions hep to give direction to the study and helps maintaining a proper structure in the report. The research questions identified for conducting this research are as follows. The research has been conducted on the basis of qualitative studies. The study was conducted by secondary data collection technique. Information was collected from different journals and books for analysing the subject of study. The pattern of analysis followed in this research was largely the case study method. Case study method

To what extent can the post-war boom be attributed to Keynesianism Essay - 1

To what extent can the post-war boom be attributed to Keynesianism - Essay Example The ideas included in Keynes’s famous book, ‘The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which published at 1936’ (Arnold 2008, p.226) are presented for showing the key elements of Keynesianism. Other ideas proposed by Keynes in regard to markets and economics are also used in order to respond to the following question: Has Keynesianism influenced the post-war boom and at what level? It is proved that Keynesianism has highly contributed in the development of the post-war boom but the involvement of the above framework in this phenomenon has not been direct, in the context described below. 2. The method of Keynes The understanding of the role of Keynesianism in the post-war boom requires the explanation of the key aspects of the specific economic framework. In general, Keynesianism is based on the idea that ‘aggregate demand is influenced by a series of decisions, both public and private’ (Davies and Green 2010, p.27). Public decisions seem t o be more powerful in influencing aggregate demand, compared to private decisions (Davies and Green 2010). Public decisions are those involved in a country’s ‘monetary or fiscal policy’ (Davies and Green 2010, p.27), as this policy is designed and implemented by the local government. It should be noted that in the context of Keynesianism ‘changes on aggregate demand are not always anticipated’ (Davies and Green 2010, p.27). Another characteristic of Keynesianism is the following one: for Keynesianism the changes on demand are often revealed with delay (Davies and Green 2010). In this way, there is no time for aligning wages with the actual level of demand, a fact that results to unexpected increase or decrease of labor (Davies and Green 2010). In other words, even if the vulnerability of aggregate demand towards public and private decisions is known, the measures taken by governments for securing a balance between demand and prices, including wages, are often ineffective (Davies and Green 2010, p.27). This means that Keynesianism offers the basis for the explanation of markets’ trends but it cannot provide a strategy for limiting markets’ exposure to changes. Another important element of Keynesianism is the relationship between consumption and income (Arnold 2008, p.226). The above relationship is likely to have three modes: a) the level of disposable income is a criterion influencing the level of consumption; b) as the disposable income increases so does the consumption and vice versa and c) any change on disposable income is followed by changes on consumption (Arnold 2008, p.226). Kadish (2010) focused on the view of Keynes in regard to market controversies. According to Kadish (2010), Kaynes considered these controversies had been resulted mostly because of communication failures and did not reflect the actual status of the economy (Kadish 2010). As a result, three different approaches would be appropriate for resolving problems related to the performance of markets: a) the positive; this approach would focus on the actual status of a market, b) the normative; this approach reflect the status that a market could have and c) the practical; this approach focuses on the tools that would be used for reaching a solution (Kadish 2010, p.118). In general, Keynesianism can be considered as related both to ‘classical macro-economics and effective demand’

Clashes of Race Essay Example for Free

Clashes of Race Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore racism and discrimination within America. It was also a goal to show the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose behind the clashes was. By showing these clashes society gets a better understand of what triggers these action within society. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE In the rather complex world in which society dwells on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. one act or idea can spawn certain events that affect the course of history. To understand history, it is essential for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned social clashes between ethnicities for generations, and it continues to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is important to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. analyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of human nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic principles of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. Before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racism is needed. There are two types of discrimination that society faces present day, direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. direct discrimination by definition, is when an individual or group is singled out directly by society or an individual based on there race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more prevalent within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. The reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is less acceptable among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within modern day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face. Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE social clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on early native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to acquire resources from the natives themselves. The colonist’s believed that the natives way of life was inferior to their own, due to the savageness of their own human nature. This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the â€Å"trail of tears† and many other attacks on the native american’s way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the territory was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant conflict between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. With modern society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in modern society. Society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of social norms and values. (West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by conflict with interracial marriages and racial generalization. Ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the beginning of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonist Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping. (Jablonski,2012) the common feature of today’s society, also well known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of todays society. One psychological principle says that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on making the mind recognize the image or ideology as† normalcy†. (Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media needs to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to promote the truth of a matter accurately. This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent times of society, racism in north america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did not get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. Some examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as more Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a number of reasons, but one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their race. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three deaths. (Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent approach of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america. A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-middle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This trend is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s. (Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in essence the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history. The Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE importance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. Society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youth in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or direct. â€Å"weve got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you dont fight racism with racism. were gonna fight racism with solidarity. †-Fred Hampton Running Header: CLASHES OF RACE: UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE References: Haring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. New Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of reverse racism is camouflage for maintaining the status quo. New York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the Racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552. doi:10. 1111/j. 1540-6563. 2004. 00088. x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy: Challenging Deficit Discourse about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film Television, 30(1), 52.

Methods for Detecting Exoplanets

Methods for Detecting Exoplanets A discussion and comparison of the radial velocity method and the transit photometry method of detecting exoplanets. An exoplanet is a planet that is outside of our solar system orbiting another star, and so far (at 15/01/2017) 3560 exoplanets have been detected [1]. Currently, with modern technology, the two main ways of detecting an exoplanet is using either the radial velocity method or the transit photometry method, both of which having their advantages and disadvantages. Radial velocity works by the exoplanet having a gravitational effect on the star it is orbiting causing the star to move slightly, leading to its detected light spectra being periodically shifted between red-shift and blue-shift as the planet orbits it. The minimum mass can then be calculated from the stars light spectra. Transit photometry can be used to detect exoplanets by observing a periodic reduction in the intensity of light detected from a star caused by the planet going directly in front of it between the star and the earth. The size of the planet can be worked out by measuring the decrease in light and sometimes the composition of the planet can be deduced The radial velocity method, also known as the Doppler spectroscopy method, to detect exoplanets was the first proper method that worked effectively. Orbiting planets cause a star to move slightly due to their gravitational pull, since the planet has mass. This slight movement of the star being orbited affects the light spectrum from that star which is received by observers on Earth. Regular periodic shifts in the stars expected spectrum, which would appear as a wobble, indicates the presence of an orbiting planet [2]. If the exoplanet caused the star to move towards Earth then its light spectrum would be blue shifted, if the star moved away from Earth the spectrum would be red shifted. The mass of the orbiting planet can then be determined, as Kelpers third law of planetary motion can be used to determine the orbital radius of the planet from the mass of the star, calculated using a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and the orbital period of the planet determined from the stars light spectrum. Then Newtons law of gravitation and the orbital law can be used to derive the equation to calculate the velocity of the orbiting planet. With the velocity of the planet, the equation can be used to work out the mass of the detected planet [3]. Using radial velocity is the most common method used to date to detect exoplanets, it has the advantage of not necessarily a very long time comparative to the other methods and is thus useful in large scale surveys to find multiple exoplanets. Unfortunately, it does not give much specific information about the planet itself and hence must be combined with other techniques to obtain information like the planets chemical composition, density, and volume. Other methods could thus have more potential for the future for more in depth analysis of the detected planet [4]. One major complication with radial velocity is that it is difficult tell mass of a detected planet easily, only the minimum mass based on how much star appears to move can be calculated, as it depends on the angle of the orbital plane of the planet. If the angle, ÃŽÂ ¸, is the angle made by the plane perpendicular to the orbit of the planet from the plane of the sight from Earth, then the component in line with Earth is sin(ÃŽÂ ¸). The detected mass, M, is thus the product of the actual mass of the planet and sin(ÃŽÂ ¸).ÂÂ   The larger ÃŽÂ ¸, where 0 [5]. This gives arise to the problem that on a rare occasion a low mass star can be detected in a binary star system and mistaken for a planet due to a mass being calculated much smaller than its actual mass and thus appears more similar to that of a planet because of the plane of its orbit with respect to earth. This method mainly detects planets that are very close to the star, massive, and have very short orbital periods so cause the largest wobbles that dont take very long to detect. Planets like this are often referred to as hot Jupiters, due to them being of similar size, mass, and composition to that of the planet Jupiter in our solar system but they are much closer to the star they are orbiting, hence being hotter [6]. A downside of this is that one of the main purposes of detecting exoplanets is to find planets capable of supporting life, and hot Jupiters are very unlikely to do this. Another main method of detecting exoplanets is called transit photometry. A planet may be detected by taking measurements of the dimming of light emitted by the star it orbits. When the planet passes directly in front of the star, as seen from Earth, it blocks out a fraction of the light that we receive. If this dimming occurs at regular intervals, then it may be deduced that this planet is in orbit and passing in front of the star once every orbital period [7]. The amount of dimming that occurs reflects the ratio of size between the star and planet; since the size of such a star may be determined from its spectrum we may then estimate the planets size. For planets orbiting the same sized star with the same luminosity and same light emission spectra, planets orbiting it will decrease the amount of light received on earth by different amounts depending on the size of the planets [8]. A planet with a radius three times larger than another orbiting planet will lead to a drop in the amount of light received nine times that of the other planet. Hence, the decrease in light received from the star due to a planets transit is proportional to the square of the planets radius and so proportional to the planets cross-sectional area. When this method is combined with radial velocity analysis which gives an estimated mass, the density may be calculated, giving a much clearer picture of the composition of the planet. The planets atmospheric conditions may also be uncovered by analysing the depth of the transit at different wavelengths of light. Light emitted by the star will be absorbed by gases in the planets atmosphere to different degrees at different wavelengths [9]. Therefore, by studying its spectra elements in the atmosphere may be determined. For such analysis to be carried out, searches must continuously cover large portions of the sky and its cluttered light sources over long periods of time. Transit photometry only works, however, when a planet passes directly between its star and the Earth, which is uncommon. For a star one astronomical unit (approximately about 150 million kilometres) away from its star, and the star being the same as the sun earth orbits, the probability of an orbiting planet producing a detectible transit is 0.47%, given that the planet has a random orbital alignment [10]. A planets orbital period could be a very long time, months, or years, but its transit directly in front of the star between it and earth could only be a couple of hours.ÂÂ   Despite this, in very large scale exoplanet finding surveys spanning over extended periods of time and covering potentially thousands of stars, the transit photometry method has been found to be more effective than the radial velocity method at finding a larger number of exoplanets [11]. However, transit photometry has a much larger detection rate of false positives, meaning an exoplanet was thought to be detected using this method but after further investigation was found to be a false detection. A 2012 study found that in single planetary systems, the number of false detections was up to 40%, based on the observations from the Kepler mission [12]. This means that, in the case of single planetary systems, a planetary detection using transit photometry must be verified using another method, which is often radial velocity and sometimes the less common method of orbital brightness modulation. Â   Â   References [1] Schneider, J. 2017. Interactive Extra-Solar Planets Catalogue. The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ [2] Astronomy Notes. 2007. The Velocities of Stars. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s8.htm [3] Fischer, D. 2010. Radial Velocity. Yale University. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://exoplanets.astro.yale.edu/workshop/EPRV/Bibliography_files/Radial_Velocity.pdf [4] Zechmeister, M. 2011. Precision radial velocity surveys for exoplanets. 1st ed. [S.l.: s.n.]. [5] The Planetary Society. 2016. Radial Velocity. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/radial-velocity.html [6] Sasselov, D. 2008. Astronomy: Extrasolar planets. Nature. 451(7174). pp.29-31. [7] Shannon, L. and Russell, D. 2012. Exoplanet Transits: Light Curve Photometry. Bangor University. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/181811.pdf [8] The Planetary Society. 2016. Transit Photometry. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/exoplanets/transit-photometry.html [9] Shore, L. 2014. Searching for Exoplanets. Exploratorium Teacher Institute. [Online]. [Accessed 15/01/2017]. Available from: http://www.exo.net/~pauld/Venus/ExoPlanets%20and%20Transits.pdf [10] Carroll, M. 2017. Earths of Distant Suns. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p.50. [11] Hidas, M. et al. 2005. The University of New South Wales Extrasolar Planet Search: methods and first results from a field centred on NGC 6633. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 360(2). pp.703-717. [12] Santerne, A., DÃ ­az, F., Moutou, C., Bouchy, F., HÃ ©brard, G., Almenara, M., Bonomo, S., Deleuil, M., Santos, C. 2012. SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. Astronomy Astrophysics. 545. p.A76.

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words :: essays papers

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words Sight words and high-frequency words are necessary for early readers to learn because these are the words used most often in reading; these words account for 60% of most print. Sight words are a part of vocabulary that are immediately recognized in their entirety rather than requiring word analysis. By teaching children these words by sight saves them the trouble of attempting to sound them out; this is helpful because many of these words do not follow regular phoneme patterns, such as: some and are. Some other examples of sight and high-frequency words are: the, that, him, and also. Children are exposed to sight words and high-frequency words everyday, whether it is at home, in the classroom, or reading signs on the street. These words are also best exposed through literacy. Reading children’s books is one of the most successful ways for children to learn these important words. Since most first graders are unable to read an entire book indepently, reading to them numerous times a day or week can be beneficial in teaching them sight and high-frequency words. The leading types of books for doing this are predictable books, caption books, and label books. Students learn patterns in context plus vocabulary through reading predictable books. A few examples of predictable books are: If You Give a Mouse a Muffin by Laura Numeroff, Chicken Soup with Rice by Maurice Sendak, and Brown Bear, Brown Bear by Bill Martin. After reading a book such as Brown Bear, Brown Bear you could make a worksheet that involves children’s comprehension of the literacy used. For example you could have your students fill in these blanks, â€Å"Brown Bear, ____________ Bear What Do You See? I see a ___________ bird looking at me.† You can also use caption books, and label books in this way to benefit your students learning of sight words and high-frequency words. Although when using these books, it is important to make sure that your children are not just looking at the pictures or memorizing the text. You can assess them on this by covering up the pictures and showing them the words. Remember your goal as a teacher is for your students to become independent readers. When teaching these words, they should be taught together in isolation and in context.

Globalization and Human Trafficking Essay -- Human Trafficking

Trafficking in human beings is now the fastest-growing business of organized crime. Men, women and children are trafficked within their own countries and across international borders. More than one person is smuggled across a border every minute which is the equivalent to ten jumbo jets every single day. And the trade earns twice as much as the Coca Cola brand. (STOP THE TRAFFIK 2014) According to estimates, more than 700,000 people are trafficked every year for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labour. They are transported across borders and sold into modern-day slavery. Over the past decade, trafficking in human beings has reached epidemic proportions. No country is immune. Clawson (2009) discusses how the search for work abroad has been fueled by economic disparity, high unemployment and disruption of traditional livelihoods. It recognizes neither boundaries nor borders. Consequently profits from trafficking feed into the casket of organized crime. Trafficking is fueled by other criminal activities such as document fraud, money laundering and migrant smuggling. Because trafficking cases are expansive in reach, they are among the most important matters. (Clawson 2009) Human Trafficking Trafficking in Persons Report (2007) discusses many different tiers in relation to a counties response to human trafficking. Tier one consists of countries whose government fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s minimum standards, for example Australia, Uk, Germany and Norway. In tier two the countries whose government do not fully comply with TVPA’s minimum standards but making efforts to bring themselves up such as Japan, Romania, Peru and Rwanda. And finally tier three are governments that do not full... ...itner, H., Peck, J. and Sheppard, E.S. (2007) Contesting Neoliberalism Urban Frontiers, New York: Guilford press. Maiska, R., eds. (2007) Gender trafficking and slavery,UK: Oxfam Publishers Mensah, J. (2008) Neoliberalism and Globalization in Africa, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Ruggiero, V. (2000) Crime and Markets: Essays in Anti-Criminology, UK: Oxford University Press. Salt, J. and Stein, J. (1997) ‘Migration as a Business’, The case of Trafficking, 35 (4) 467-494. Shelley, L. (2010) Human Trafficking a Global Perspective, London: Cambridge Printing Press. STOP THE TRAFFIK (2014) What is Human Trafficking? Web 17 May 2015. http://www.stopthetraffik.org/usa U.S. Department of State Publication (2007) Trafficking in Persons Report,11407, United States of America: Office of Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs and bureau of public affairs.

Ralph Ellison’s King of the Bingo Game :: Ralph Ellison King of the Bingo Game

Modernism and King of the Bingo Game Ralph Ellison’s King of the Bingo Game illustrates ideals of the time period referred to as Modernism. These include traits such as describing the inner workings of the mind or the dream world, searching for new perspectives, and having a pessimistic outlook on life. Ellison demonstrates the concept of a dream-like world in his story when the protagonist is up on the stage, with the control in his hand. The character is intoxicated, which creates a hallucination-filled, surreal world. Also, Ellison portrays this character as having the wheel over-power him, and take control of him. He creates his own world, a dream world, one where he has the power, and is no longer oppressed; a world where he is like God. This gives him a new perspective on life. He can forget about all his worries that his life has brought him. He is now the one calling the shots, which is a different view of life for this character. This story also portrays the pessimism felt by the people at this time. At this time in history, the world had just suffered the worst war in the history of man-kind up to that date. Also, the United States had not that long ago gone through the Civil War to free men from the oppression of slavery. However, some felt that the freedom the slaves were given had led to more oppression in the northern, industrial states that paid poorly for the jobs they held, in effect a new form of slavery. This era was the age of war. Not only was it an era of war, but also a time of great extremes. There were the very rich and wealthy people, and there were the very poor and poverty-stricken people, a middle class had not really been established at this point in time. The poor had little to hope for and their plight in life was beyond their control. A dream world was a way for them to escape the sorrows of their lives, perhaps the only way for many. Soon to come would be the bigges t war in the history of man, World War II.

Culture Assessment Essay

A widely accepted definition of organizational culture is it is the shared meanings, artifacts, values, beliefs, norms, and assumptions that dictate how an organization works and its existence (Cameron & Quinn, 2006). Organization culture is shaped by more than one element; say individuals’ life experiences, background, education levels and so fourth. Undoubtedly, leadership also plays a critical role in defining what culture prevails in the organization and their actions have a major influence on how the rest of the organization follows suit. (Robbins et al, 2000) Additionally organization culture defines the strategies that a firm uses in handling things like competition, growth, resource management and the like. (Goffee & Jones, 1996) A good assessment of the cultural orientation of a firm makes it likelier to promote interorganisational network and also implement changes that encourage member participation and productivity. The key indicators of organizational culture include organization structure, power and managerial styles, ways in which members of the organization interact and do their jobs among others. This paper takes a look at FedEx Corporation and gives a summary of the type of organization culture at FedEx, its benefits, hindrances as well as the recommendations of the company. Company overview FedEx Corporation is a large company headquartered in the US that deals in printing, courier services and logistics as well as cargo airline services. This company has been named one of the top 10 most admirable companies by Fortune magazine two years in a row. Since its founding in 1971 it has grown from humble beginnings a leader in air courier industry. Its brands include the FedEx home delivery, FedEx smart post and FedEx freight east and west, FedEx services among others. Its chief competitors are DHL, TNT, UPS, BAX Global and USPS. The company employs over 250,000 workers and has a net income of approximately 1. 8 billion dollars in 2006. Culture assessment The organization culture at FedEx blends various kinds of organization culture but perhaps the most predominant culture is flexibility discretion and dynamism. This has been its major strategy of staying ahead. To support this, FedEx takes pride in their ability to adapt to change so as to enhance effectiveness and competitiveness. (Cameron & Quinn, 2006, p. 34) This it achieves by combining innovation, knowledge sharing, high experience and team work in its key strategies to attaining competitive advantage. A good illustration of FedEx external focus is evident in the numerous deliveries of relief supplies that FedEx made to hurricane Katrina victims for free in 2005, earning it more customers and goodwill. Adhocracy orientation at FedEx is fostered at top level management down to the junior staff. The CEO of FedEx encourages employees to be trend setters and nonconformist and dare to take calculated risk. The management encourages employees to be all ears on current events and look for opportunities. The guiding philosophy is that an innovation failed is better than a thousand years lost in risk averse dealings. Innovation at FedEx is held with high regard and employees are rewarded handsomely for developing fresh ideas. The management supports viable projects from employees financially or otherwise. This is one reason why FedEx distinguishes itself as an evergreen company in the air courier industry. This culture is underscored when creative attempts that fail are rewarded as well as the successful innovations. The familiar slogan ‘absolutely, positively gets it there overnight’ is made real by the culture ingrained in the employees towards importance of customer service, efficiency at work, speed and accurate scheduling. This culture leverages FedEx for competitive advantage. Basically, the FedEx corporate culture emphasizes urgency, speed and teamwork, exceeding customers’ expectations, initiative, flexibility and active listening (O’Reilly, Tushman & Michael, 1997) Aside from the flexible nature at FedEx, it also adopts an outwardly and sensitive approach to the environment that it operates. Competitiveness fosters the company to always look for opportunities to expand and grow. While the opposite of this culture is to foster integration and unity within the organization as well as knowledge some elements of this culture are also present at FedEx. This is because FedEx emphasizes high skills among employees. Employees at FedEx are highly learned individuals as the company only picks the best of the best. Working ones way up the corporate ladder requires that ones knowledge base also increases. In addition, the internal focus of FedEx organizational culture provides an appropriate environment that enables employees to grow and exercise their skills as seen in the various training and task assignments delegated to employees. In order for knowledge sharing to be maximized then division of labor, job enrichment, team building and so forth have to be conducted regularly (Murray, Poole & Jones, 2005) some aspects of these are present at FedEx. FedEx corporate culture values hard work and rewards such appropriately. It also disregards discriminations and fosters equal opportunities for its employees in areas of promotion, transfer and recruitment. The hands off team oriented management style promote progressive and diversified work culture. Communication is a key strength for FedEx organization culture and regular surveys on employees’ views on the job are taken to monitor and modify areas of universal discontent. Notably, the employees at FedEx are highly experienced and skilled individuals. The culture therefore is based on letting employees be free agents who direct their jobs in their own direction. The management ensures that employees are proactive and take initiative to learn from mistakes of others. The employees are not reprimanded or penalized for slip-ups rather management takes the blunder as an opportunity to teach the rest. Most of the tasks done at FedEx are assigned to teams which are given sufficient power and authority to fulfill their responsibilities and be accountable for the results. Seemingly this is the reason behind the great success of FedEx. The benefit of the cultures present at FedEx is that the company is maintains its competitiveness amid intense competition from the competitors. Additionally, it deals with fewer conflicts, fewer staff turnover and enjoys increase in employees’ job satisfaction, higher performance less resistance to change, higher productivity and better customer service and so forth. The hindrances of this kind of organization culture are that it requires major investment in time and money. The management needs to be patient with employee mistakes which are most times costly. Additionally it is difficult to monitor this practice in the FedEx Company because of the large workforce and the busy schedules that the employees have. Conclusion The organizational culture at FedEx has both benefits and detrimental aspects although many are the benefits. In the competitive faced paced industry that FedEx operates their culture seem most fitting. Perhaps the only thing that I would improve is the hierarchal structure and the communication channels for free flow of information and faster decision making throughout the organization.